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Arena da Amaz么nia

CITY: Manaus
COMPLETION: 1970
RECONSTRUCTION: 2014
CAPACITY: 42,374
ARCHITECT: GMP Architekten
CONTRACTOR: Andrade Gutierrez
COST: 拢186尘

While it is highly unlikely that football is coming home this summer, England鈥檚 players might at least have hoped that their first game in the tournament, located in the Amazonian basin that enjoys Brazil鈥檚 highest annual rainfall, might at least have made them feel at home. Alas not - Manaus鈥� tropical climate is one of the most humid in South America and temperatures for England鈥檚 debut are likely to hover around 32掳C. England manager Roy Hodgson has already irked local mayor Arthur Virgilio by grumbling about the weather; one hopes his climatic forbearance will have increased should he reach Qatar in 2022. However, the England team can take comfort from the fact that their debut will be held in one of the most striking new World Cup venues. Loosely resembling Herzog and de Meuron鈥檚 Bird鈥檚 Nest stadium from the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the venue鈥檚 design is specifically attuned to its tropical climate and exhibits several passive design features in its initial bid to be the 鈥済reenest鈥� World Cup venue. Its envelope is formed by a gridshell exoskeleton of overlapping hollow steel girders, which double as gutters for Manaus鈥� high annual rainfall. The voids between the steel frame are filled by low-emissivity translucent fibreglass to reflect heat and aid cooling. However, partially as a result of the intemperate local climate, construction has been beset with problems and delays, the onset of which forced the abandonment of plans to power the stadium entirely by solar energy. The stadium has also proved to be the deadliest World Cup venue - three workers died during construction.