黑洞社区

The government is under growing pressure to explain why it has waited until days before the start of the autumn term to order the closure of schools found to contain a lightweight form of concrete that can collapse without warning.

The Department of Education (DfE) yesterday told more than 100 school buildings to close following years of warnings from experts about reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC).

The lightweight material was used across the UK and in many types of buildings, including hospitals, from the 1950s to the 1990s but has now passed its 30-year design life.

The DfE said yesterday that 鈥渘ew evidence鈥� had emerged over the summer which required buildings that contain RAAC to close immediately.

What the schools minister said

This morning, schools minister Nick Gibb told the BBC that surveys during the summer had found that RAAC which had been considered low risk had 鈥渁ctually turned out to be unsafe鈥�.

He said that a beam which had given no external sign of being a critical risk had collapsed.

鈥淲hat we discovered over the summer was a number of instances, in schools and in non-schools, in England and outside England, where RAAC that had been considered to be a low risk actually turned out to be unsafe.

鈥淪o over the summer - given this evidence - we had to take a decision. And some of that evidence, by the way, was as late as last week. We had to then decide what to do given the previous advice,鈥� Gibb said.

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How many schools are affected?

So far, 156 schools have been confirmed as containing the concrete, with 52 deemed to be a critical risk having put safety measures in place, including structural supports.

The DfE has told the remaining 104 school buildings, which had been considered non-critical, to be vacated and restricted until 鈥渁ppropriate mitigations are in place鈥�.

Local Government Association senior vice chair Kevin Bentley said he was notified yesterday that 50 out of 550 schools in Essex had been identified as having RAAC, and some will have to close.

Gibb has admitted that more schools could be told to close as new information comes to light. A report by the National Audit Office in June found that the DfE had identified 572 schools where RAAC might be present and warned the risk of injury or death from a collapse was 鈥渧ery likely and critical鈥�.

However, the government has refused to publish a list of the affected schools, arguing that parents should hear from the schools themselves rather than from the media.

What opposition parties have said

Labour has urged ministers to 鈥渃ome clean鈥� and publish a list of schools containing RAAC, and questioned why it has taken so long for the guidance to be issued.

Shadow education secretary Bridget Phillipson said the situation was an 鈥漚bsolutely staggering display of Tory incompetence as they start a fresh term by failing our children again.鈥�

鈥淒ozens of England鈥檚 schools are at risk of collapse just days before children crowd their corridors. Ministers have been content to let this chaos continue for far too long,鈥� she said.

Liberal Democrat education spokeswoman Munira Wilson said 鈥減upil safety is paramount but for this to come out just days before term starts is totally unacceptable鈥�.

The Labour-run Welsh government announced yesterday that it will start surveys of the country鈥檚 schools to identify RAAC, with the Scottish government also confirming that surveys are under way.

What other building types are affected?

RAAC was used for decades in many types of buildings and government construction programmes and is causing increasing concern across the public sector. In June, the government ordered all departments to investigate their estates to identify where it might be present.

Last year, health minister Maria Caulfield admitted that 34 hospital buildings in England were at risk, a situation which was described by the boss of one affected hospital boss as a 鈥渢icking time bomb鈥�.

In May this year, the Ministry of Defence revealed it was investigating hundreds of buildings feared to be on the verge of collapse because they were built with the concrete.

Housing associations are now being advised to urgently check their buildings for RAAC and conduct immediate structural surveys where it is found. 

Greg Carter, legal director and construction and insurance law specialist at Winckworth Sherwood, said: 鈥淲here social housing providers have not already done so, they should urgently check as-built drawings and specifications and if RAAC is found to have been used commission structural surveys to verify its condition and any remedial works.

鈥淯nlike schools, no nationwide survey of social housing has been conducted and the extent of the problem is unknown. Thorough checks of housing stock will be the only way to fully understand the size and scale of any problems.鈥�

What the industry is saying

It is understood that the concrete is vulnerable to deterioration when exposed to water ingress from leaking pipes or damaged roofing.

Arcadis Education sector lead Andrew Dutton explained: 鈥淩AAC is not really concrete - while it has some similarities to concrete, because of the way it is made it is far weaker.

鈥淥ne of the main challenges is that it is not that easy to detect RAAC; it is typically in planks forming part of roofs and could be hidden behind suspended ceilings. So normal surveys and condition data do not necessarily confirm if RAAC is present. 

鈥淕iven that RAAC was used in numerous schools and colleges, as well as a range of buildings on other sites, between the 1950s until the mid-1990s, it could be found in any school and college building that was either built or modified during this period.

鈥淭here is an increased risk of failure when RAAC has been damaged through roof leaks or building alterations.鈥�

Phil Caton, construction law partner at legal firm Aaron & Partners, criticised the government鈥檚 process for identifying the material and said that liabilities could be 鈥渟ubstantial鈥�.

鈥淭he government鈥檚 recent decision to close schools with RAAC structures raises urgent concerns about safety, liability, and public trust,鈥� he said.

鈥淥ne glaring issue is the reliance on self-reported questionnaires from schools to identify RAAC presence, without a clear, immediate verification process by the Department for Education. 

He added that the lack of transparency compromises the accuracy of the reporting and has left parents in the dark about whether schools are genuinely safe or have been inspected.

鈥淔rom a legal standpoint, the liabilities here could be substantial. Schools, local councils, and potentially past contractors could be implicated in a series of complex legal disputes over responsibility for material failures or incidents. 

鈥淕iven that RAAC was popular between the 1950s and mid-1990s, many original contractors and designers may no longer exist, making it difficult to seek any legal redress or obtain original technical information. This adds complexity to an already challenging situation involving potential legal disputes and public safety concerns. 

鈥淭here鈥檚 an urgent need for a transparent, coordinated approach among government bodies, schools, and construction experts to manage both the immediate safety risks and the long-term legal implications of this matter.鈥� 

Who will do the repair work?

Bowmer + Kirkland and Willmott Dixon 鈥� both major contractors in the education sector 鈥� told 黑洞社区 they had not been contacted by the government about either emergency remediation work or rebuilding jobs.  

A spokesperson for the latter explained that government and industry were 鈥渏ust at the start鈥� of what could be a 24-month process of procurement and building.  

鈥淭he government simply ascertaining from other specialists they have what the scale of the situation is and what needs to be done to fix it,鈥� he said. 鈥淲hen the time arises, we will have a meaningful dialogue with whoever we need to speak to 鈥� our teams are looking at it, every tier one will want to be part of the solution.鈥� 

Who is responsible for this process remains to be seen. The Department for Education has its own construction framework, but if local authorities are made responsible for the rebuild, they could use their own frameworks or use procurement bodies like Scape, Procurement Hub or Pagabo to get to market quickly. 

The role that MMC has to play 鈥� particularly in building the temporary structures which will inevitably be necessary as a stop-gap 鈥� is another major question mark. In 2020, the DfE named 10 offsite contractors that it would use for a projected four-year, 拢3bn pipeline.  

But the success of the programme has been questionable. Caledonian Modular, one of the firms picked for the MMC framework, went into administration and just weeks ago the government announced a probe into schools it had built after structural defects attributed to poor workmanship were discovered at three schools. 

Hull-based Eco Modular, another of the 10 firms picked, went into administration in March. It was later bought by Spatial Initiative, one of its DfE framework stablemates. Just four-out-of-five of the government鈥檚 favoured modular schoolbuilders are left standing 鈥� Bowmer & Kirkland, Elliott Group (now Algeco), Laing O鈥橰ourke, Wates, Net Zero 黑洞社区s, Portakabin and Reds10 make up the pack. 

The other issue for the government could be capacity, with the construction industry still highly active and facing a mounting labour shortage issue. One tier one contractor told 黑洞社区: 鈥淲e just don鈥檛 have the capacity to drop everything and deal with this straight away [鈥�] the notion that the government just clicks its fingers or says, 鈥榳e鈥檝e got this work, guys, get on with it鈥�, it is not as straightforward as that. The more you look at it, the more you see it is not an overnight fix.鈥�