黑洞社区

It might not have the glamour of a BedZed or the latest Code for Sustainable Homes design. There are no green roofs, photovoltaic panels or wind turbines.

But what鈥檚 happening on a 1960s housing estate in north London could be just as important when it comes to slashing carbon dioxide emissions from UK homes.

Tony Thompson, technical design adviser at HTA Architecture, describes the 拢150m refurbishment of the five tower blocks at the Chalcot estate near Swiss Cottage as a 鈥渞eal world project鈥�. 鈥淲hen it comes to cutting CO2 emissions you can forget about new housing; the real problem is existing building stock,鈥� he says.

Refurbishment is increasingly seen as the sustainable option when tackling social housing, and in the process of overhauling the Chalcot estate鈥檚 717 flats, the London Borough of Camden is aiming to deliver a 30% cut in CO2 emissions.

The bulk of the flats on the estate are housed in four identical 23-storey towers and a smaller 19-storey block. Knocking these down and replacing them with low-rise housing wasn鈥檛 an option. The mathematics wouldn鈥檛 stack up, says Thompson. The density on the site is immense and on such a tight inner city location it wouldn鈥檛 have been feasible. Added to this, some quick calculations showed that demolishing just one block would create more than 7,000 tonnes of waste and rebuilding it with a similar tower would involve more than 7,500 tonnes of CO2 embodied in the construction materials.

Although the flats were in a poor condition internally, they were structurally sound.

And on the plus side, they were built to the Parker Morris standards, meaning they were generously proportioned. The central location, with Primrose Hill and Hampstead on the doorstep, was also a benefit. 鈥淭hese properties are certainly not hard to let,鈥� says Thompson.

CO2 reduction was part of the initial strategy, says Sean Lockie, director at Faithful + Gould, the project manager on the scheme. 鈥淭he 30% figure came about once we had looked at all the options that were open to us in terms of the cladding technologies, as well as the heating, lighting and power loads.鈥�

Camden鈥檚 brief was to bring the flats up to a minimum National Home Energy Rating of 8 鈥� an NHER rating of 10 corresponds to the 2006 黑洞社区 Regulations standards for a gas-heated home, which would deliver the 30% reduction figure.

Improving the performance of the building envelope was the key to hitting this target. Built using cast insitu concrete, the tower blocks had only 25mm of polystyrene applied internally on the walls for insulation. To bring the building envelope up to scratch required radical action. This has come in the form of overcladding, using an aluminium rainscreen system. This had a number of advantages, says Thompson. 鈥淧utting the insulation on the outside of the building means you don鈥檛 have any interstitial condensation.鈥� It is also largely maintenance free.

When it comes to cutting carbon dioxide emissions
you can forget about new housing 鈥� the real problem
is existing building stock

Tony Thompson, HTA Architecture

Extruded aluminium support rails are fixed to the facade from ground level up to the parapet; the insulation is fixed between these followed by the cladding panels.

Most of the rain striking the external face of the cladding will be thrown off, but any that does penetrate the cladding will drain or be ventilated away in the air cavity directly behind the panels.

The biggest challenge was incorporating it sympathetically with the original design. The advantage of aluminium is that it can be bent, explains Thompson, making it easier to come up with the details for the building鈥檚 corners and window returns. 鈥淚t gives continuity and solidity to the building,鈥� says Thompson. Bright colours were forfeited for discretion. 鈥淔ashions change so we deliberately kept it subtle.鈥�

Along with the new cladding, the envelope package included upgraded windows with double-glazed argon-filled units and mid-pane U values of 1.2W/m2K. The initial design was to install units that could be cleaned from the inside, but significant numbers of residents wanted to keep the large picture windows that were a feature of the building.

Pilkington鈥檚 Optifloat Clear Activ self-cleaning glass has been specified instead 鈥� at a cost premium 鈥� which allows the original window configuration to be pretty much retained.

On top of the envelope upgrade, the towers are also undergoing internal refurbishment. United House Solutions is rewiring the tenanted flats as well as installing new kitchens and bathrooms, together with flooring and decoration. All this is being done with the occupants in place. 鈥淭he tenant consultation process started more than three years before work on site,鈥� says Lockie. 鈥淚t was done on a tenant-by-tenant basis, starting with the first tower.鈥� In the first contract year, only four official complaints were received about the work.

On the heating front, HTA had hoped to install a central CHP system to raise energy efficiency. It had done this on a tower refurbishment in Greenwich, but Camden was less inclined. 鈥淕etting local authorities to do this can be a challenge,鈥� says Thompson, especially if they have signed a deal to bulk buy energy from a utility.

According to Lockie, the main argument against CHP was the work involved to install the pipework to take hot water through the building to each flat. 鈥淲e wanted to keep the disruption to tenants to a minimum,鈥� he says. Instead, new individual SEDBUK Band A rated condensing boilers are being installed in each flat.

Blashford Tower, the first phase of the scheme, was completed at the end of last year and work on the others is at various stages. Final completion is due in early 2010. The average carbon savings per block are estimated to be 178 tonnes a year. Whether or not this is achieved will only be calculated when figures on the energy use are known. 鈥淚鈥檓 fairly confident that the figures will show an even greater saving,鈥� says Lockie.