黑洞社区

As attention turns once more to the US and this week鈥檚 inauguration of Donald Trump as the country鈥檚 45th president, many will be tempted to watch from behind the sofa. The prospect of a Trump presidency has caused widespread alarm, and whatever your view of his politics, it is surely beyond doubt that we are in for a more turbulent period in world affairs.

At a time when it is therefore tempting to look elsewhere in the world for leadership, it is easy to forget that the US remains a global pioneer in numerous fields, not least in engineering. And when it comes to construction projects, as in so many things, America likes to go supersize.

In Trump鈥檚 backyard of New York 鈥� the city that brought us architectural gems such as Grand Central Station, the Empire State 黑洞社区 and Brooklyn Bridge 鈥� some of the world鈥檚 modern day engineering feats are under construction or being unveiled to the world. In the city that never sleeps, with its canyons of skyscrapers and boundless energy, the buzz is also very much apparent in the building sector. 黑洞社区 travelled to New York to see what can be learnt from four of the metropolis鈥� leading projects.

Arthur Ashe Stadium roof

New York鈥檚 Arthur Ashe Stadium is a cavernous cathedral to tennis. With a 23,711 capacity it is the world鈥檚 largest tennis stadium and plays host to one of the biggest matches in the tennis calendar 鈥� the final of the US Open. Since it opened in 1997 it has seen greats of the game including Andy Murray, Novak Djokovic (twice), Roger Federer (five times) and Serena Williams (six times) lift the coveted grand slam trophy.

But until last year it was hampered by a fundamental flaw 鈥� it was open to the elements. So like Wimbledon before it, the US Open admitted defeat in its own running battle with the Rain Gods and raised the roof over its equivalent of Centre Court.

In hindsight perhaps the roof should have gone up when the Arthur Ashe Stadium was originally built just 19 years earlier. But at the time, armed with a century鈥檚 worth of climate data, US Open organiser the US Tennis Association (USTA) judged it wouldn鈥檛 be worth it, as the fortnight in late August/early September when the tournament is played had tended to be one of the driest of the year in New York.

But then came five years of downpours from 2008, throwing the tournament鈥檚 schedule into chaos and repeatedly pushing the final back from a Sunday to a Monday, dismaying players, fans and broadcasters alike.

It was clear the USTA had to correct its oversight.

But the technical challenge thrown up by building a mammoth 520ft-span roof over an existing stadium proved fiendish. The stadium was not remotely able to bear the extra weight. Plus there were tough ground conditions to contend with. The Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in the New York City borough of Queens, which houses the Arthur Ashe Stadium, is built on top of a marshland and ash dump that is spectacularly ill-suited to heavy engineering.

After several false starts the USTA turned to the original design team behind the Arthur Ashe Stadium 鈥� engineering firm WSP PB and architecture practice Rossetti. The duo offered up an ingenious solution 鈥� the key thing you need to know about the Arthur Ashe Stadium鈥檚 new roof is that it is not, in actual fact, technically a roof. It is a completely separate structure, a huge 7,000-ton steel and Teflon-style fabric membrane pavilion hovering fractionally above the stadium to avoid placing any additional bearing on it. This slim gap is only visible from the top of the highest tier of seats, but it enables both structures to move independently of each other and maintain their structural integrity in the unlikely event of an earthquake or severe wind storm.

On approach by foot, the separate roof structure is cleverly disguised. The giant 4.4-acre expanse of the roof 鈥� equivalent to 17 Olympic swimming pools or over three times the area of the roof above Wimbledon Centre Court 鈥� is supported by eight steel super-columns at each of the corners of this octagonal stadium. 鈥淭he new roof uses the same structural vocabulary as the stadium,鈥� explains Dr Ahmad Rahimian, US director of building structures at WSP and the roof project鈥檚 principal engineer. He was also project manager on the Arthur Ashe Stadium back in the 1990s. 鈥淭he whole plan is an octagon 鈥� the main supports are like giant trees branching up to the roof. They are designed to look like the original stadium supports, but those are babies compared with these. Using triangulated forces the roof is very efficient.鈥� The whole structure rises to 189ft at its peak and at its crown is a 250ft-by-250ft retractable opening to the sky, which can open or close in just six minutes.

The client, the USTA, is certainly happy with the result. 鈥淚f you came here for the first time you wouldn鈥檛 know the roof wasn鈥檛 part of the original stadium,鈥� says Daniel Zausner, chief operating officer of the tennis centre. If it hadn鈥檛 been for the roof, the 2016 US Open would also have been disrupted by rain and the final once again pushed back to a Monday, Zausner says. 鈥淭he design team managed to make 7,000 tons of steel look elegant,鈥� he adds. 鈥淲hen the first players arrived for the 2016 US Open 鈥� the Roger Federers of this world 鈥� they said the roof had made it feel more 鈥榠ntimate鈥�. The biggest tennis stadium in the world, 鈥榠ntimate鈥�? That鈥檚 great to hear.鈥�

Flood defences

It is just over four years since Hurricane Sandy hit New York, killing 53 people and causing billions of dollars worth of property and infrastructure damage. Much of the devastation was wreaked by flooding. Sandy caused a record surge of seawater around the metropolis, flooding subway and road tunnels, knocking out power to swaths of the city for days or even weeks, and destroying or damaging thousands of homes and social infrastructure including hospitals, schools and sewage treatment facilities.

Much of the rebuilding work has been completed since. But the city 鈥� which has 600 miles of coastline 鈥� is still grappling with how best to defend itself from any future extreme flooding. According to the New York government鈥檚 best estimates, it needs up to $60bn for the task, but has only been allocated $20bn of federal funds to date 鈥� leaving it with a two thirds funding shortfall.

Global engineer and consultant Arcadis is a strategic adviser on flooding to New York鈥檚 city authorities and thus tasked with helping make its flood defence funding stretch as far as it can. In addition, the firm is working on major individual flooding projects, including helping Danish architect BIG design a 10-mile flood barrier disguised as a park, known as BIG U, that will snake around and protect Lower Manhattan. Arcadis is also designing flood defences for Coney Island 鈥� best known as a seaside amusement park, but also home to 46,000 people 鈥� and is helping New York鈥檚 four largest public hospitals develop flood mitigation works.

Just to the east of New York City, in the coastal suburb of Nassau County, is a flood defence project that shows what can be achieved in a short space of time when public authorities and engineers work closely together. The 60-acre Bay Park sewage treatment plant 鈥� which serves around half of Nassau鈥檚 one million citizens 鈥� has been fortified by a $1bn package of Arcadis-designed flood defences (pictured below). The plant was submerged by 8ft of water after Hurricane Sandy, which knocked the vital facility out of action. A 200-strong emergency technical team, including 50 Arcadis engineers, was mobilised to live and work at the plant in the immediate aftermath of Sandy to get it back online. Peter Glus, New York city executive for Arcadis, was among them. 鈥淗undreds of mechanical things had gone wrong,鈥� he recalls. 鈥淧ower was out for many weeks. You couldn鈥檛 get gas, although thankfully the plant had an emergency supply 鈥� We slept at the plant. We were there 24/7 for a couple of months.鈥�

After the plant was repaired, Nassau County clicked into gear to develop flood defences designed to ensure this never happened again. Armed with a $900m federal grant, the county government drafted Arcadis back in within four months of Sandy. The Bay Park works, which completed last August, include a two-mile levy system incorporating concrete and earth walls and an upgraded plant electrical system that has been elevated to ensure it is protected from any future floodwater. A bike path loop and a park have also been incorporated on land around the plant to improve local amenities. 鈥淚t鈥檚 been built faster than any equivalent flood defence project in the New York region,鈥� Glus says. 鈥淣assau County officials wanted to get it done and pushed everyone to achieve it. It was around a four-year programme 鈥� an extremely accelerated timetable.鈥�