黑洞社区

In 2000 an all-parliamentary committee published a chillingly prescient report after an investigation into a fire at a block of flats where a pensioner died.

On 11 June 1999, a fire started on the fifth floor of Garnock Court, a 14-storey residential block at Irvine in Ayrshire. The building had been refurbished with new uPVC windows and polyester sheet cladding. The fire spread up to the 12th floor in minutes, breaking into other flats.

The report said that in future all external cladding systems should be either entirely non-combustible or be proven not to pose an unacceptable level of risk of fire spread. It added: 鈥淲e do not believe it should take a serious fire in which many people are killed before all reasonable steps are taken towards minimising the risks.鈥�

The awful tragedy two weeks ago at Grenfell Tower 鈥� where at the time of going to press 79 people were believed to have lost their lives in a fire caused by a fridge-freezer in one flat that ripped through the entire block 鈥� starkly revealed the failure to implement the recommendations of the report into the Garnock Court fire.

And this wasn鈥檛 even the only such warning.

A 2013 coroner鈥檚 report into the 2009 fire at Lakanal House in Camberwell, south London, where six people died, also recommended Part B (the building regulation covering fire) be reviewed, including the need for clearer guidance with regard to the spread of fire over the outside of buildings.

Rapid external fire spread isn鈥檛 a phenomenon confined to the UK: there have been several instances in Dubai including a fire at the Address Downtown hotel in Dubai on new year鈥檚 eve 2015. Earlier in 2015, there was a fire at the Marina Torch tower, also in Dubai, and the Lacrosse Tower in Melbourne 鈥� to name just a few. In each case, fire spread rapidly up the side of the building, with flaming material raining down on to the pavements below.

Aluminium Composite Material (ACM) panels have been cited as the cause of the rapid external spread of fire on the Dubai and Melbourne towers.

Film footage of Grenfell Tower shows flames shooting up the side of the building and thin sheets of burning cladding material falling to the ground. A product called Reynobond, an ACM panel, reportedly with a polyethylene core, was used for the external rainscreen on Grenfell Tower. This features a flammable, plastic core. Celotex RS5000, a polyisocynanurate or PIR insulation, was used to improve the thermal performance of Grenfell Tower and is also flammable (see 鈥淔ocus on flammable cladding materials鈥�, below).

Since the fire, the communities department has ordered local authorities to submit cladding samples from other buildings deemed to be at risk for fire testing. It is not clear exactly what tests are being undertaken, but at the time of going to press, 95 tower blocks have failed these tests (see Testing Times box on page 23). A key part of the official fire investigation will be to establish the contribution each cladding element made to the spread of the fire. This will feed into the public inquiry into the fire which will also investigate why combustible cladding has been used on so many buildings.

The initial findings of the investigation may not be known for months, and in the meantime there is understandable public outcry at how a fire like Grenfell Tower could happen in 21st-century Britain. How could a residential tower housing around 600 people pass all the system checks and then go up in flames?

Unfortunately, the background to this disaster is difficult for the public and even construction professionals to navigate. This is because of the many confusing definitions of limited combustibility within England鈥檚 building regulations; the range of testing regimes that exist for building products; the fragmented nature of building control services; and the perennial spectre of poor-quality workmanship that could exist on any project.

This has led some experts since the fire to call for a change in legislation to create a simplified approach whereby it becomes a requirement that all cladding systems be constructed using non-combustible materials. Here, we try to untangle the systemic failures that apparently allowed so many buildings with combustible cladding to comply with current regulations and consider what the implications could be for cladding systems containing flammable materials in the future.

Fire compliance

A few days after the fire (on Sunday 18 June) chancellor Philip Hammond said he understood the flammable cladding used on Grenfell Tower was banned. The Department for Communities and Local Government has also said the polyethylene-cored panels did not pass building regulations for buildings over 18m tall.

But in questions from MPs after a statement to the House of Commons on 22 June, Theresa May said she could not yet say whether the cladding used on Grenfell Tower complied with relevant fire and building regulations. The contractor on the 2014-16 Grenfell refurbishment, Rydon Maintenance, has said the building met all building regulations and cladding contractor Harley Facades has said aluminium composite panels are a commonly used product in the refurbishment industry. A leading industry expert has looked at the drawings submitted as part of the planning application to Kensington and Chelsea council for the refurbishment works to Grenfell Tower and has told 黑洞社区 he thinks the cladding does comply with building regulations.

He said: 鈥淭he specification I saw on the planning documents does look like it complies although there are a whole load of qualifications to that.鈥� He said the test data used to justify building regulations compliance was 鈥渧ery complicated鈥�. So how is it possible that combustible cladding can comply with fire regulations? The answer seems to be in the complexity of the different routes to compliance that can bamboozle contractors and building control inspectors alike.

A principal objective of Part B of the building regulations is to contain a fire within one area for as long as possible to enable people to escape and give the fire service time to extinguish the fire. In tall residential buildings, front doors, separating walls and floors, and external cladding should be fire-resistant to prevent vertical and horizontal fire spread.

The specification I saw on the planning documents does look like it complies although there are a whole load of qualifications to that

Industry source

The requirement for external walls in Part B is clear: 鈥淭he external walls of the building shall resist the spread of fire over the walls and from one building to another, having regard to the height, use and position of the building.鈥�

This appears to be a fairly straightforward requirement, but complexities and ambiguities begin to creep in because there are four different routes to meet the requirement:

鈻� The first is the prescriptive guidance contained in Part B which details the fire performance required for the different elements making up a cladding system. This is summarised in three paragraphs. The first covers external surface fire performance, the second 鈥渋nsulation and filler materials鈥� and the third contains guidance on cavity barriers.

According to this guidance, the external surface fire performance of the Reynobond panel is acceptable for buildings over 18m tall. The requirement for insulation and filler material performance is that it must be of 鈥渓imited combustibility鈥�. An appendix defines what is meant by limited combustibility; insulation and filler materials where tested to a European standard must have an A rating. Both variants of the Reynobond ACM panels have a B rating and therefore don鈥檛 meet this requirement.

But Stephen Ledbetter, a consultant and former director of the Centre for Window and Cladding Technology, doesn鈥檛 think the section on insulation and filler materials is clear. 鈥淭he term 鈥榝iller鈥� is not clearly expressed,鈥� he says. 鈥淧eople haven鈥檛 thought of a polyethylene core in a cladding panel as a filler and that it should be non-combustible.鈥� He adds that concerns over the limited nature of the tests for non-combustibility, with its focus on the surface spread of flame, was the reason why the second route to compliance was introduced in 2004.

鈻� This second route to compliance is based around a full scale test to BS 8414 which is described in the BRE publication BR135, 鈥渆xternal thermal insulation for walls of multi-storey buildings鈥�. The insulation used on Grenfell Tower was Celotex RS5000, a PIR product which does not meet the limited combustibility requirements set out in the prescriptive guidance in Part B. But Celotex RS5000 complies when incorporated into a cladding system that has been tested to BS 8414. The cladding system used for this test is very similar to the build-up used on Grenfell Tower. A key difference is that the test cladding panel is a non-combustible fibre cement product. This arrangement is compliant with Part B and would be acceptable to building control.

Despite this, on 23 June Celotex removed RS5000 from sale for use on buildings over 18m tall.

Manufacturer Arconic has also announced it is discontinuing global sales of Reynobond PE for use in high-rise applications. In a statement, it said: 鈥淭his is the right decision because of the inconsistency of building codes across the world and issues that have arisen in the wake of the Grenfell Tower tragedy regarding code compliance of cladding systems in the context of buildings鈥� overall designs.鈥�

鈻� There are two other routes to compliance if test data on a cladding build-up to BR135 is not available. One is that a desk-top study can be performed to convince building control this would comply with Part B. This can be performed by a suitably qualified fire specialist who takes data from other fire tests to demonstrate the solution being submitted for approval would meet BR135. This 鈥渄esk-top鈥� approach means combistible materials can be signed off without the need for any further tests.

鈻� The final option is to employ a fire engineer who takes a holistic view of the building design and applies fire protection and mitigation strategies in high-risk areas but minimises these in areas of low risk. For example, the guidance in Part B requires structural steel to be fire protected. A fire engineer will model the building to demonstrate fire protection might not be needed in low-risk areas but should be beefed up in high-risk areas.

This approach tends to be used on complex, high-value projects and is unlikely to be used to model local authority refurbishment projects.

Role of building control

The justification for using a specific cladding on any building system, whether it contains combustible material or not, needs to be assessed for compliance with Part B by a building control body, either local authority building control or private approved inspectors.

Unfortunately, the time spent assessing applications, the expertise and checking regime can vary between individual local authority building control departments and also between private approved inspectors.

You can submit an application in Manchester and get a very different response from, say, Birmingham, where there are different fire experts and a different fire authority

Steve Cooper, Cundall

Steve Cooper, who heads the fire engineering division of engineer Cundall, says the level of expertise within building control divisions varies. 鈥淪ome work on a whole range of building types and have a wider range of expertise than others,鈥� he says. Cooper says the approach to compliance varies significantly.

鈥淵ou can submit an application in Manchester and get a very different response from, say, Birmingham, where there are different fire experts and a different fire authority,鈥� he says.

鈥淚t can even vary between officers in the same local authority.鈥�

Like all public-sector departments, building control has come under cost pressure. This is exacerbated by the need for local authority building control departments to compete for business with approved inspectors, which after all was the reason for introducing competition into the building inspection regime in the first place.

There are also cost tensions from having to compete with approved inspectors for jobs. Cost pressures could affect the level of scrutiny building control applications are subjected to.

Paul Everall, chief executive of LABC, the body that represents local authority building control departments in England and Wales, concedes budgets are tight. 鈥淔inancial pressures on local authorities have been in existence for several years and it鈥檚 difficult for our members to develop a comprehensive service. There are less people in local authority building control than there were some time ago.鈥�

This means less time to scrutinise building control applications. It also means less time for on-site inspections to make sure the materials in the specification aren鈥檛 substituted for cheaper products on site and to check workmanship. There is no suggestion that cheaper products were substituted on Grenfell Tower or that workmanship wasn鈥檛 up to standard.

Cavity barriers

The correct installation of cavity barriers as part of the cladding system is crucial to stop fire spreading within cavities and the investigation into Grenfell is bound to look at whether these were installed correctly in the tower. There have been big problems with cavity barriers being incorrectly installed or even missing from multi-storey timber-framed buildings. Fires can break out, spread into the cavity and spread uncontrolled up through the building. The industry has since largely switched to the use of cross-laminated timber which, among many other advantages, has better fire performance.

Jim Glockling, technical director of the Fire Protection Association (FPA) 鈥� the UK鈥檚 national fire safety organisation that advises the insurance industry on risk 鈥� thinks tests such as BR135 are conducted in perfect conditions with properly installed cavity barriers.

There are no allowances for changes to buildings such as a workman drilling a hole through the cladding to put in a plastic drainage pipe or vent then failing to fire stop the penetration afterwards.

鈥淭here are mistakes and inaccuracies that come into installation and over time the building gets damaged,鈥� he says. 鈥淚f you start with non-combustible materials these are much more forgiving.鈥�

The FPA is about to start a series of 鈥渟ensitivity tests鈥� to determine how different cladding systems perform when subjected to real-world conditions such as a hole being drilled into these. 鈥淲hat we want to determine are the deviations from perfection,鈥� he says. The results of these tests will be fed back to the insurance industry.

Glockling thinks there is a strong case for legislating in favour of non-combustible materials in cladding systems. 鈥淭here needs to be a long, hard look at this,鈥� he says. 鈥淧eople need to realise there are large commercial fires every week. We feel it鈥檚 unacceptable and there must be life safety implications.鈥�

Other countries have already legislated in favour of non-combustible cladding systems. Dubai recently changed its regulations so only non-combustible materials can be used. It has gone one step further requiring regular maintenance of cladding systems and replacement after a certain date. A building damaged by fire must have all cladding panels replaced by non-combustible ones. Australia now requires the materials used in external walls, including cladding, to be non-combustible. And Scotland, which has devolved building regulations, requires all cladding materials in high rise buildings to be non-combustible or meet stringent fire tests. It took on board the findings of the inquiry into the Garnock Court fire and changed its fire regulations as long ago as 2005. The pressure on the government to change regulations in England is now overwhelming, but for the residents of Grenfell Tower, it is a case of too little, too late.