黑洞社区

It is now more than five years since the Grenfell Tower tragedy and four since the subsequent Hackitt review, which triggered a wave of government legislation to address building safety in the UK. But, while the government鈥檚 黑洞社区 Safety Act received royal assent in April, there remains huge uncertainty about the details of the process for getting new buildings signed off as safe 鈥� and increasing concern about the legal bust-ups that could result.

Under the coming regulatory regime, a building safety regulator sitting within the Health and Safety Executive will assess higher-risk new buildings at three 鈥済ateway鈥� points to ensure that  safety requirements are met at each stage of the design and construction process. While the first gateway was introduced by planning reforms last August, gateways two and three 鈥� both stop/go points in the process 鈥� were introduced by the 黑洞社区 Safety Act and, according to the government鈥檚 timeline, will both come into force by October 2023 at the latest.

The secondary legislation outlining the details of each gateway has yet to be finalised, but eight such documents were published by the government in draft last autumn, before being withdrawn from circulation.

Philip Pamment, director at CPC Project Services, who was previously involved in advising the government on building safety, said that the principle that detailed records should be kept and carefully checked was not controversial among most within the industry.

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鈥淓verybody recognises that the genesis of this was a tragedy,鈥� he said. 鈥漀obody wants there to be a repeat; everybody completely understands that lessons need to be learnt. So the fact that we need to change and we need to do better, and we have to show how we鈥檙e doing better [鈥�] is clearly uncontroversial.鈥�

However, he raised concerns that the regulations, as written in draft form, could result in a messy birth for the new regulatory regime, with fully completed buildings lying idle for as long as three months. Clause 34 of the draft supplementary regulations gives the regulator 12 weeks to determine a gateway three application, beginning when it receives the full application.

While the government is expected to allow a phased submission of documents at phase two 鈥� Dame Judith Hackitt had initially wanted a hard stop here 鈥� there has been less flexibility so far around gateway three.  鈥淢y understanding is that gateway three is still being described as 鈥榳e want everything in one go鈥�,鈥� said Pamment.

That means firms will have to wait until the end of testing and commissioning before they can make their application. According to Andrew Mellor, partner at PRP鈥檚 development consultancy, it may be even longer than that.

Mellor said that producing as-built drawings to submit as part of the application could take more than a month, further delaying the handover of effectively completed projects. 鈥淭raditionally [with] handover drawings [鈥�] we just give it back to the designers, and the designers stamp them as record drawings 鈥� and we never tell them what we鈥檝e changed,鈥� he said.

鈥淭hat can鈥檛 happen any more. They are going to have to tell you what has changed. If they tell you all of that, at the end of the construction period, you have probably got, I don鈥檛 know, a month, two months of preparing the drawings before you can submit the gateway three application.鈥�

Mellor, who has been involved in discussions with the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities recently, said that new drafts of secondary legislation explaining the details of the gateways were expected to be put out for consultation before the summer parliamentary recess, which begins on 21 July. He said his understanding was that the approval window was now more likely to be six to eight weeks, rather than the 12 mentioned in the first drafts.

But, whether it is one month or three, the cost burden of delaying handover of projects, and of the regulatory process as a whole, will be significant. Mellor said he had heard estimates that the building safety process could add an additional 20% to project costs.

Pamment said he felt the government could 鈥� and ultimately may 鈥� take a more practical approach to document submission, but that as things stand there is a realistic risk of completed buildings lying idle for lengthy periods once the building safety regulations are implemented. 鈥淎ll of this is made worse by the fact that the building safety regulator has a timetable to not just look at new buildings that are coming online but to have a backlog of existing buildings all submit safety reviews that have to be assessed,鈥� he added.

He said that in his sector, housing associations, the quantity and format of the information required by the regime was not a source of concern and a small increase in flexibility could make the process much more manageable. 鈥淚鈥檓 not talking about drip feeding a page at the time, one day a week; I鈥檓 talking about perhaps two, maybe three stages,鈥� he said.

Mellor said he expected that, over time, firms鈥� ability to submit applications that get approved quickly would improve. But he raised concerns about the workload in the early days and questioned whether the regulator would provide feedback on failing applications.

鈥淭he way I see it is that the first few applications that you make, you鈥檙e in unknown territory,鈥� he said. 鈥淪o you鈥檙e probably going to be making some errors, and they are not going to be accepted by the building safety regulator and they are going to get knocked back.鈥�

Without a change in approach from the government, the question of who will foot the bill for delayed handover arises. This may be the cause of significant disagreement.

According to construction lawyer James Bessey, contractors and clients will each have their own case to make. He said: 鈥淚n terms of the building contracts, if the building lies idle for a period of time, because the regulatory steps are not in place, normally you would expect a contractor to seek to say, 鈥榃ell, I want an extension of time for that.鈥� However, one of the problems we might find is that a lot of the building contracts contain an obligation that the contractor is to meet what we call statutory approval.鈥�

Bessey, a partner at Blake Morgan, said that even consultants should be mindful of lawsuits 鈥� although he said the challenge of bringing a claim against them would be in proving that they had failed to provide 鈥渞easonable skill and care鈥� in a regulatory environment with so many unknowns.

The problem with the industry is that the tendency is that, if it isn鈥檛 mandatory, you don鈥檛 do it

One of the major unanswered questions around the gateway system is what the nature of the transition will be. Mellor questioned whether there would be any leeway for projects which fall into the gateway three requirements due to delays.

He asked: 鈥淎re we going to get people rushing to get buildings over the line before that period, with a consequential impact on safety or building quality?鈥� He said he 鈥渨ould not be surprised if there is some kind of leeway鈥�, but that at the moment 鈥渢hat transition period is really unknown鈥�.

Bessey, however, is not so sure. 鈥淭he problem is that we have an industry which isn鈥檛 very good at soft transitions,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ecause the problem with the industry is that the tendency is that, if it isn鈥檛 mandatory, you don鈥檛 do it.鈥�

According to the lawyer, the liability for additional costs in such circumstances will most likely come down to which party is responsible for the delay. 鈥淚f you were the contractor and you have caused the delay, such that the project has delayed into that period, I think you might be pretty exposed,鈥� he said. 鈥淚f, however, the employer has delayed the project [鈥�] then the employer is in the more difficult position.鈥� Delays related to covid-19 and supply chain problems are likely to fall on contractors, he said.

The true shape of the new world of building safety is likely to come into view in the next few months, but whatever the specifics of the gateway system it seems that, in Bessey鈥檚 words, 鈥渢he days of cheap buildings may be over鈥�.

Spending more money to build safely is beyond argument; the tough part will be making new systems work as efficiently as possible so that those costs are manageable.