黑洞社区

The past decade has seen a boom in apprenticeships. Back in the mid-noughties, the dream of most parents was to get their child onto a university course, almost irrespective of its quality. Reflecting the pro-higher education zeitgeist, 450,000 undergraduates enrolled on university courses in 2005/06, more than two-and-a-half times the 175,000 individuals who started an apprenticeship in the same period.

But fast-forward nearly 10 years and the humble apprenticeship is flavour of the month, with the Office for National Statistics estimating that 440,400 apprenticeships were started in 2013/14. But construction, one of the traditional apprenticeship mainstays, hasn鈥檛 really joined the party. Recently published ONS figures show that just 9,306 construction apprenticeships were completed across England and Scotland last year - the lowest figure recorded in more than a decade.

On the eve of National Apprenticeship Week, 黑洞社区 explores how the industry鈥檚 reluctance to train construction workers continues to exacerbate the skills shortage. We reveal the conclusions of a study, soon to be published by the think tank Demos, on how construction remains a turn-off for many would-be apprentices. And we examine why many fear the government鈥檚 plans to reform the apprenticeship system could make the situation worse.

The 9,306 construction apprenticeships completed last year, which represents a 4% drop on 2013鈥檚 already low figure of 9,688, continues a decline from a high point in 2009 when 16,947 apprentices finished their training.

The good news for the industry, though, is that the number of those starting construction apprenticeships has increased for the first time since the onset of the recession. The number of apprenticeship starts in 2014 was 18,493, 14.8% up from the previous year鈥檚 figures.

This positive news is reinforced by the Construction Industry Training Board鈥檚 latest Employer Attitudes Survey. Of the 1,500 construction employers surveyed, 26% reported that they had taken on apprentices in 2014, up from 20% in 2013 and the highest level since 2008.

Gillian Econopouly, CITB head of policy, says: 鈥淏usinesses have better visibility on their order books and they are feeling a lot more comfortable about taking on apprentices.鈥�

Staying power

But this year鈥檚 heartening level of starts is still below the 19,160 apprentices who began their training in the depths of the 2009 recession. In addition, many who start construction apprenticeships don鈥檛 complete them. The ONS figures show that 17,630 construction apprenticeships were started in 2011, which means nearly half dropped out before 2014.

Econopouly says the drop-out rate can be accounted for by the fact that 鈥渜uite a few people fell out during the recession,鈥� as their companies let apprentices go. However, the figures over the past decade show that last year鈥檚 drop-out rate was part of a wider pattern. And even if this year鈥檚 new apprentices have greater staying power, they will not provide short-term relief for an industry that faces a desperate need for more skilled labour now.

There are not enough people to deliver what the government wants, whether that鈥檚 housing or infrastructure projects

Chris Jones, BAM

According to the CITB鈥檚 most recent employers鈥� survey, 21% identified finding suitably skilled staff as their key business challenge, a more than threefold increase on the figure of 6% recorded in 2013. The CITB forecasts that this proportion is only likely to worsen in 2015.

SME contractors confirm that they are feeling the pinch too in terms of skills shortages. A recent survey carried out by the Federation of Master Builders showed that 44% of its members are struggling to employ carpenters and joiners, while 42% report the same problems finding bricklayers. Both figures are up by 2% over the last year. Chris Jones, director of learning and development at Bam, says: 鈥淭here are not enough people to deliver what the government wants, whether it鈥檚 housing or infrastructure projects.鈥�

A report, jointly published by the London Chambers of Commerce and KPMG last month, underlines the depth of the looming skills crisis facing the industry. It predicts that the pipeline of work in London and the South-east alone will generate demand for more than 600,000 construction workers by 2017, compared to a total requirement of 430,706 last year. To plug this gap, KPMG estimates that the industry should be training nearly 30,000 new skilled workers each year, just over double the current level of entrant apprentices to the industry.

Richard Threlfall, head of infrastructure and construction at KPMG, believes that the skills shortfall will translate into projects being delayed across the industry, making it harder for developers to seize the moment offered by a return to favourable economic conditions. 鈥淚t ends up in a series of endless slippages, which eventually becomes a landslide,鈥� he says.

Image problem

However, apprenticeships continue to suffer from an image problem, according to research due to be published next week by think tank Demos. It will show that parents generally think apprenticeships are a great idea, just not for their kids. A survey of parents of teenagers showed that 90% thought that apprenticeships are a good option for school leavers. However just 32% said it was a good idea for their own child. 鈥淧eople like apprenticeships in theory but aren鈥檛 convinced for their own children,鈥� says Ian Wybron, researcher at Demos.

And construction apprenticeships are seen as less appealing still with just 75% of parents viewing it as an attractive career option. 鈥淭he construction industry still has progress to make in winning over parents and schools,鈥� says Wybron.

The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), which oversees training policy, has made a lot of noise in recent years about reforming apprenticeships as part of a wider drive to improve the economy鈥檚 skills base. The Labour party has got in on the act too with its leader Ed Miliband鈥檚 promise last month to boost the number of guaranteed apprenticeships.

Funding shake-up

The government鈥檚 proposals, which were informed by the Richard Review of apprenticeships, start with the well-intentioned principle that firms need to be more closely involved in paying for and framing apprenticeships.

One of BIS鈥� criticisms of the current system, under which the CITB arranges training on firms鈥� behalf, is that companies have little clue about how much apprenticeships cost, and therefore do not value them enough.

People like apprenticeships in theory but aren鈥檛 convinced for their own children. Construction still has progress to make in winning over parents and schools

Ian Wybron, Demos

However BIS鈥� initial proposals, which would have forced employers to pay up front for apprenticeship training and then reclaim a share of the costs from CITB, went down like a lead balloon with the small firms that train the vast majority of construction apprentices.

These micro-businesses that employ 10 people or fewer, which the FMB estimates deliver around two-thirds of construction apprenticeships, were worried that the government鈥檚 scheme would just exacerbate their already acute cash flow headaches.

They also saw little benefit in the government鈥檚 plans to get companies more involved in the shaping of apprenticeships through its Trailblazer initiative, under which firms collaborate on developing tailor-made standards.

The CITB鈥檚 Econopouly says: 鈥淵ou need to take into account the relative abilities of different types of organisation. Larger companies will have quite sophisticated training resources but it鈥檚 very difficult for the SMEs that make up 90% of our sector to get involved.鈥�

In response to the backlash from across business, 黑洞社区 understands that BIS has drawn up a new system of training vouchers, which is due to be launched in the middle of this month. If a company wants to hire an apprentice, it will need to complete a form. On the basis of the details that the firm provides, the government will assess the level of discount it is entitled to. The company will then shop around for a college to provide the training that it wants, paying the difference on the value of the voucher.

Sarah McMonagle, head of external affairs at the FMB, says the latest proposals are a big improvement on the government鈥檚 previous plans, because they mean less cash need change hands. However, she says small builders are still concerned about the extra bureaucracy that the shake-up will entail. 鈥淓mployers can鈥檛 give tons of time to get involved in this kind of thing because they have businesses to run. This could really mess things up if they (SMEs) are discouraged from training apprentices.鈥�

Picking up on one of the themes of the Demos report, Econopouly argues that getting schools more engaged with the industry is key to improving apprenticeship start rates.

She says: 鈥淲e need to get careers advisers thinking more about construction. It鈥檚 often not mentioned or in an unfavourable light.鈥�

And it鈥檚 not just the overall level of apprenticeships that needs to improve but also what is being taught, argues Threlfall, pointing to how the system is currently not delivering enough skills in specialised but high-demand areas like steel fixing.

Bam鈥檚 Jones agrees: 鈥淢ore prefabrication means that construction skills are fundamentally different to what they used to be. For example, we don鈥檛 need the same number of skilled bricklayers on site, but we need people who can lay blocks.鈥�

For Threlfall, though, while the supply of skills training needs to improve, any boost to apprenticeships won鈥檛 address the industry鈥檚 immediate skills needs. What will, he suggests, is a politically unpalatable but less jaundiced approach to immigration. 鈥淔or all their scepticism about the flow of labour into the country, politicians must recognise the extent to which this industry is heavily reliant on import of labour if it鈥檚 to keep expanding at the rate it can.鈥�