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01 / Introduction

The shifting sands of guidance and regulations together with the ongoing development of carbon assessment methods and models are proof that we are still learning what sustainability and net zero carbon actually mean in the built environment. There is, however, a convergence on the importance of taking a whole-life view.

The energy crisis has placed even more focus on whole-life operational efficiencies, while increasing energy performance certificate (EPC) requirements mean owners and investors must upgrade their existing stock quickly. This requires weighing the costs and benefits – financial and environmental – of improvement versus renewal.

Planners increasingly ask whether demolition can be avoided by retaining parts of an existing building, a challenge that now forms the basis of many feasibility studies. This article assesses a series of interventions, ranging from a relatively straightforward retrofit to a full redevelopment, from both cost and carbon perspectives. 

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