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The case

D McLaughlin & Sons Ltd vs East Ayrshire Council [2020] CSOH 109
Opinion of Lord Clark
Outer House, Court of Session
Judgment delivered 30 December 2020

The facts

McLaughlin was engaged by East Ayrshire Council to build an extension at a primary school and commenced work in 2016. On 10 August 2017 McLaughlin issued an interim payment notice claiming some 拢949,556.50.  No pay less notice was issued but, despite further exchanges, the council did not pay the amount claimed by McLaughlin.  

The council issued a final certificate on 17 July 2019 with a gross valuation of 拢3,343,223.82. In September 2019 McLaughlin issued proceedings in the Sheriff Court claiming a gross valuation of 拢3,711,242.80 and seeking an order for payment of the balance.  

In March 2020 McLaughlin commenced an adjudication claiming a gross valuation of 拢3,802,614.87 relying upon the interim payment notice dated 10 August 2017. The council argued for a nil valuation on the grounds that the interim payment notice was invalid and that the final certificate issued on 17 July 2019 was conclusive evidence of the sum due.

The adjudicator disagreed: having decided that the interim payment notice was validly issued and that the final certificate could not affect a dispute concerning an interim payment application, he awarded McLaughlin 拢427,578 plus VAT and interest.  

McLaughlin commenced enforcement proceedings. The council then counter鈥慶laimed (there being no Part 8 provision in Scotland), opposing enforcement on grounds that: (i) where McLaughlin had not commenced the Sheriff Court proceedings within 60 days, as required by the contract, the final certificate was conclusive evidence and ought to have been treated as such by the adjudicator; and (ii) the interim payment notice was invalid.  

The council acknowledged that there had been no jurisdictional error or breach of natural justice. However, it contended that the adjudicator鈥檚 approach to the effect of the final certificate had been manifestly wrong and that this was a short self-contained issue which it would be unconscionable to ignore and which could be dealt with at the same time as the enforcement application in line with the English decision in Hutton Construction Ltd vs Wilson Properties (London) Ltd [2017] BLR 344.  

The council accepted that assessing the validity of the August 2017 interim payment notice would require some brief oral evidence but considered this was permissible under the guidelines set out by Mr Justice Coulson in Hutton.

McLaughlin argued that having been challenged within 60 days, the final certificate did not have any conclusive effect and that the adjudication concerned what should have been paid in 2017. McLaughlin also submitted that the decision in Hutton was inconsistent with Scottish Appellate authority and that if Hutton did apply, then the council鈥檚 case did not meet Mr Justice Coulson鈥檚 exceptional criteria.

The issue

Did Hutton have any force in Scotland and if so should the council鈥檚 counter-claim succeed?

The decision

Having considered Mr Justice Coulson鈥檚 decision at length, the judge stated that he could see no difficulty with Hutton applying in Scotland. He observed that the law was clear that the decision of an adjudicator was binding until final determination but he agreed there could potentially be circumstances in which, in the interests of justice, the final determination could properly be made at the time of the adjudication enforcement proceedings, although those circumstances were likely to be few and far between. The judge acknowledged that Mr Justice Coulson鈥檚 guidelines in Hutton should be treated as a broadly helpful indication of what amounted to exceptional circumstances.

The judge considered that the present case was unusual in that the Sheriff Court proceedings had been raised in advance of the adjudication but he concluded that the council鈥檚 arguments did not fall within the Hutton criteria because the adjudicator鈥檚 decision could not be said to be beyond rationally justifiable and, more significantly, the council鈥檚 challenge did not seek the final determination of the disputes between the parties: the council鈥檚 challenge would only go to the enforceability of an interim application and therefore would not resolve the dispute over the gross valuation of McLaughlin鈥檚 works, which remained to be decided in the Sheriff Court proceedings. On a proper analysis, the council鈥檚 challenge was based upon an alleged error by the adjudicator and as such was bound to fail.

Commentary

While this decision confirms that Hutton can apply in Scotland, on the facts, the council could not make its case fit within the Hutton criteria where disposal of the enforcement application would not have led to a final determination of McLaughlin鈥檚 entitlement.

 As in England, the judge reiterated that Hutton should only apply in exceptional circumstances, observing that it would be unusual for any final determination to be 鈥渙ven ready鈥� at the time of the enforcement.

Ted Lowery is a partner in Fenwick Elliott