黑洞社区

Gary Lawrence was raised on a cattle ranch. And when you meet him, there is something reminiscent of old cowboy films about this solid-looking, softly spoken man. You can picture him on horseback, reigns in hand, riding across the plains of his home state of Washington.

But Lawrence is an out-and-out urbanite. Romantic as it sounds, the ranch was 鈥渄amn hard work鈥�, he says. Considering he is one of the most influential planners in the business 鈥� and something of a sustainability guru 鈥� it is a comfort to know Arup鈥檚 urban strategy leader is 鈥渉ooked on cities鈥�.

Lawrence鈥檚 CV could be read as a recent history of sustainability. As well as pioneering the world鈥檚 first sustainable municipal plan in Seattle, he has advised the Clinton administration, the US Delegation to Habitat II and Downing Street, to name but a few of his higher-profile jobs. This month, he was a keynote speaker at a sustainability conference organised by Cabe. On paper, he is the Buffalo Bill of the climate change debate.

Still, he鈥檚 not one to go in all guns blazing. Far from it, in fact. He offers no quick fixes to the problems of climate change and is wary of putting too much faith in science to get us out of the mess we鈥檙e in. New technology and eco-towns can play their part, he says, but it鈥檚 鈥渏oined-up-thinking鈥� that will solve the crisis.

Lawrence鈥檚 own career reflects this mindset. In 2002, he joined engineering firm Arup after years of work in the public sector and a spell running his own consultancy. Dewy-eyed reminiscing of his days in the Seattle planning department suggests he鈥檚 still a fan of strong government 鈥� but only as long as it engages the 鈥渃reativity鈥� of private developers.

鈥淚t has to be possible for elected officials to make hard choices,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut turning loose the incredibly powerful ingenuity of the private sector to apply itself to these problems is where we need to be.鈥�

Arup鈥檚 project at Dongtan, China, the world鈥檚 first eco-city, is the most ambitious attempt to do this to date. In spite of China鈥檚 bad press on tackling climate change, Lawrence is a fan of its government鈥檚 no-nonsense approach. 鈥淐hina has decided these ecological cities are not just 鈥榞reen wash鈥� 鈥� they believe them, as I believe them, to be strategic necessities,鈥� he says. 鈥淭ake water, for instance. Almost 40% of the world鈥檚 population relies on snow melt from the Himalayas. But with climate change, those glaciers are receding at an enormous rate. The whole water redistribution situation for India, China and South-east Asia is at risk. Water conservation elements in masterplans are now a key issue 鈥� a national security issue 鈥� for China.

鈥淢uch of the West still thinks about sustainability as an environmental issue as opposed to a national and local security issue but as the effects of change become more obvious, I think that will change,鈥� he says.

Projects like Dongtan set off chain reactions, he adds. Arup is already using methods from the scheme on masterplans in Moscow, Santiago and the UK, and is working on a contract for the world鈥檚 first solar city in Phoenix, Arizona, that will house 300,000 people, as well as high-tech and commercial schemes (see 黑洞社区, 23 November, page 11).

All this activity is not just about solving an ecological crisis but an attempt to stay ahead of the game. 鈥淐lients are starting to get much more of a handle on the business benefits of an ecological city and our competitors are out there doing similar things. In many markets, there is a preference for ecological homes, in part because of an increase in costs of energy and water. 鈥淲e certainly believe Dongtan is the beginning, not the end. We have to take every project and press it intellectually and press it technically, to make sure the next one is better than the last. To make it crystal clear, it鈥檚 a strategic necessity, not just a nice thing to do.鈥�

Dongtan is the beginning, not the end. We have to make it crystal clear, it鈥檚 a strategic necessity, not just a nice thing to do

Lawrence recognises that a world filled with eco-cities may be some way off, not least because of a lack of designers and contractors with the necessary skills. But he is confident that market forces can solve the skills shortage. He points to Seattle, where developers of high-rise buildings are already unable get interim financing from banks unless they meet gold standards for commercial building ratings system LEED. They are being forced to learn new tricks simply to survive, he says.

So Lawrence is, in some ways, a free market man 鈥� a believer in the 鈥渋nvisible hand鈥�. He was particularly encouraged by his recent trip to Cabe鈥檚 Hothouse, a gathering of the most influential figures in urban design, planning and sustainability, where he saw the eight biggest cities vying to outdo each other. 鈥淚n their hearts, they believe they are competing against each other, that it鈥檚 a zero sum game out there to attract economic development and government funds.鈥�

But market forces and scientific advances will only get you so far, he says 鈥� ultimately, it is behavioural change that will save us. And as a planner, he adds, you are in a unique position to engineer it. 鈥淧lanning is the most political thing a society does. It is essentially a process through which you are allocating potential for wealth 鈥� you are determining who has better services and who has worse services and you are defining identity in terms of the built environment.鈥�

This view dates back to Lawrence鈥檚 Seattle days, when the success of his municipal plan, the first in the world geared specifically towards sustainability, was dependent on the re-election of the mayor. His policies would only be implemented if his boss kept his job, so getting the community on side was key.

The plan aimed to create traditional neighbourhood centres through zoning, regulation of building heights and increased residential development around retail cores. The idea was to give people better access to services, regardless of where they lived, and at the same time cut down on transport needs. The city鈥檚 fibre-optic network was extended to within an eighth of a mile of every building to encourage more people to work from home. As a result, says Lawrence, Seattle is now one of just two cities in the US where vehicle trips per household are falling.

To help him convince residents of the benefits of his plan, he employed social science researchers and psychologists to teach him how to talk to the community. In the process, he learned to talk in terms of human health, rather than the 鈥渆nvironment鈥� 鈥� a concept, he says, people find difficult to connect with their own lives. In fact, he goes further and says the prominence of the environmental lobby actually harmed the sustainability cause over the years. 鈥淚 was at the first Earth Summit and there was such fervour from the environmental community. It caused the business world to distance itself from the issues and the social justice groups to form their own activities. All of these things are inter-connected; there have to be ways all parties can work together.鈥�

Lawrence鈥檚 favourite metaphor for the joined-up approach is Whack-A-Mole, an arcade game in which players bash plastic moles back into their holes with a mallet.

鈥淭he way we typically approach problems is we have our mallet and we focus on a single issue. A mole will pop up somewhere on the board and we will take our mallet and smash it down. Of course, another mole pops up somewhere else, but that鈥檚 not our problem.

鈥淭o create sustainable communities, you have to have all the parties with their mallets at the board at the same time so you can figure out the sequence to keep more of those moles down. The trick is how to do that without blowing up the game.鈥� He is so convinced of the game鈥檚 symbolic value, he has had MPs playing it at Westminster. Now that must have been a sight.