黑洞社区

If any one city has emerged as a definitive example of the fraught polarities of Brexit since Britain voted to exit the European Union, it is Sunderland. With almost 62% of its electorate voting to leave the EU in 2016, and as the first city to declare a leave vote on the night of the referendum, Sunderland provided one of the biggest urban majorities in favour of Brexit and exemplified the swathes of northern towns and cities that voted leave.

Sunderland, like many northern cities, has been grievously undermined by decades of deindustrialisation and chronic economic disinvestment. Moreover, Sunderland owes much of its economic livelihood to the now-infamous Nissan car plant, whose very existence its electorate has supposedly threatened by supporting Brexit.

Yes, Sunderland easily fits the stereotype of a deindustrialised northern city recently ravaged by severe economic depression. But the 2018 UK Powerhouse Report by law firm Irwin Mitchell also ranked it as the UK鈥檚 sixth-fastest growing economy.

It is hoped to mark the start of Sunderland鈥檚 long-awaited commercial renewal

The city council has embarked on an ambitious 15-year regeneration plan to transform the city centre. A new office block to the north of this area marks the first phase of this venture and, in a sobering reflection of the scale of the task, forms the first speculative office built in Sunderland in the past 40 years.

The Beam is a six-storey, 拢20尘 office block that provides 59,427ft² of grade-A office space and is hoped to mark the start of Sunderland鈥檚 long-awaited commercial renewal. Designed by architect Feilden Clegg Bradley, it has been built on the 5.5ha site of the former Vaux Brewery, which has been empty since closing in 1999 after 162 years in operation. The site has also been identified by the council as a key regeneration area and the location of its ambitious plans to extend the city centre northwards.

Slow-start regeneration

The Beam鈥檚 site was initially acquired by Tesco in the 2000s and has been the subject of previous masterplan proposals, including one by Piers Gough. But Tesco鈥檚 ownership was terminated after a series of lengthy legal battles ended with the site being sold to a joint venture between Sunderland city council, regeneration investor Igloo and Carillion in 2010.

An Urbed-designed masterplan was agreed in 2014, which incorporated Sunderland council civic offices by Faulkner Browns (now under construction beside The Beam), 250 homes and commercial offices, the first of which was The Beam.

The Beam has been constructed in what can be generously described as a challenging local market, as Sunderland city council project director Anthony Crabb explains. 鈥淭o a large extent, Sunderland has lagged behind other commercial centres in the North-east 鈥� some of the regeneration that has been witnessed in Newcastle, for instance, simply has not been replicated here,鈥� he says. 鈥淭he city centre in particular has a number of problems, which we are now trying to address. As with many regional city centres, footfall is poor. There is a very low residential population. And until very recently, demand for offices was practically zero. 

鈥淭he problem with Sunderland is that it鈥檚 a city that鈥檚 been developed like a suburb,鈥� he adds. 

The council鈥檚 regeneration plan aims to reverse this situation by doubling the residential population of the centre of Sunderland from 2,500 to 5,000 residents and increasing the number of people employed there by 50%, from 12,000 to 18,000 by 2030. Equally, it aims to increase commercial rents from around 拢15/ft虏 to 拢18.50/ft虏 or 拢20/ft虏 鈥� still a fraction of values in London or even Newcastle but a totemic rise for Sunderland. The Beam is absolutely central to this strategy and has been designed with this testing commercial climate in mind.

Construction had already begun when Carillion collapsed in 2018. Crabb recalls a fraught and desperate period when the council lost 鈥渨ell in excess of half a million pounds鈥� as the project stalled for more than six months. Tolent was eventually appointed as the new contractor and, when in 2019 Legal & General signed a 拢100m regeneration deal for the development, the city and masterplan were finally given the boost they needed. The Beam opened for business last month.

Shipyard theme

The Beam currently stands alone on a site sandwiched between one of Sunderland鈥檚 main arterial routes and the dramatic clifftop ravine of the River Wear. Three of the city鈥檚 most distinctive landmarks are close by, the steel and wrought-iron structures of the Wearmouth road bridge and Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge, and the truss stands of the Sunderland FC鈥檚 Stadium of Light, on the other side of the river.

When the architects first came to design the building, the Vaux site was derelict and practically empty. The only nearby built form of reference was the Keel Line, a strip of granite embedded into the ground listing the more than 8,100 ships launched from the Wear.

As plans progressed, it emerged that the building was of a similar width to the beam of the Crusader

At 292m long, it is exactly the same length as the largest ship launched from the Wear, the Naess Crusader in 1972. The Beam is therefore a trapezium-shaped block aligned on the same axis as the Keel Line, whose entrance faces directly onto it. As plans progressed, it emerged that the building was of a similar width to the beam of the Crusader 鈥� and it was named accordingly.

The shipbuilding analogy does not end there. Feilden Clegg Bradley partner Simon Doody explains the building has been 鈥渕eticulously designed to pay homage to the city鈥檚 culture, from the Wearmouth Bridge to the city鈥檚 maritime heritage鈥�.

Accordingly, The Beam鈥檚 facades are conceived as a stack of swooping horizontal strips that alternate between ribbon windows and pleated 鈥渉oods鈥� providing shade for the glazing below. Its bronze-coloured steel is a clear reference to the hulls of the ships and its horizontality and pointed prows are a reference to ocean liners. Additionally, the exposed steel cross-bracing evident in the entrance colonnade and behind the central glazed section of the entrance facade are inspired by the trusses of the two great arch bridges adjacent to the site.

Looking closely, a triangular pattern has also been subtly embedded in the fascias of the 鈥渉oods鈥� and the soffit of the entrance colonnade. This triangulation is also partially inspired by the structural composition of a ship鈥檚 hull and forms a recurring visual motif inside and outside the building. Sunderland鈥檚 history of manufacturing stained-glass windows is celebrated at night by the 鈥渉oods鈥� being dramatically illuminated by strips of recessed LEDs.

Trimmed to fit

The building has been designed with Sunderland鈥檚 challenging office market very much in mind and this, according to Doody, imposed unique constraints on the design. 鈥淭here is absolutely no way we could design this as we would a spec office in London or Manchester. Because there is virtually no city centre office market, the building had to be very efficiently done with a tight budget. 

鈥淪o it has a number of unique features 鈥� it is low energy, has exposed services and structure, maximises daylight, is fully naturally ventilated, has high ceilings, is targeted at newer creative industries and has been very much designed with health and wellbeing in mind.鈥�

The building鈥檚 simple structure reflects these ambitions. A steel frame has been used and a concrete core helps to provide stability, with additional stiffness created by the centralised cross-bracing visible on the entrance facade. Simple hollow core lightweight concrete slabs with extruded planking also offer structural efficiencies and budget savings.

This strategy is immediately aesthetically evident inside the building. The entrance foyer maintains the theme of efficient simplicity evident throughout, as a coolly restrained space with exposed steel and concrete elements. To one side, a reception desk is encased in a timber pavilion whose profile repeats the triangular motif evident externally. The space is awash with natural light from large floor-to-ceiling windows and from a large skylight centred on its ceiling.

On the upper floors, the building plan unveils a clever surprise. Above the foyer sits a raised internal paved courtyard set behind the large, cross-brazed glazed section at the centre of the entrance facade. Therefore the office floors wrap around three sides of this courtyard, virtually doubling the amount of daylight and fresh air to which they have access. With vines planted across its walls and the open-air seating offering panoramic views over the bridges and river for tenants, the space forms a key part of the building鈥檚 wellbeing offer.

The office floorplates themselves are sparsely appointed and can either be leased by a single occupier or subdivided into cellular tenancies. One distinctive feature is the glazing. Unlike current trends for floor-to-ceiling glazing in offices, here glazing only accounts for 40% of the facade to minimise heat loss while providing as much daylight as possible.

Consequently, each floor has two horizontal strips of glazing to the external facade (not the courtyard); a larger, lower band set about 900mm from the floor and a higher clerestory band just below the ceiling. Externally, both strips are topped with the hooded 鈥減leats鈥� to offer shading. All windows in the lower band are openable for ventilation; clerestory opening is mechanically controlled. Standard commercial radiators powered by conventional gas boliers provide the heating.

Convincing sceptics

Whereas the office market in more prosperous cities is crammed with expensive, high-spec gadgetry, The Beam offers a lean, pared-down and convincing alternative. In so doing, it offers a highly attainable and sustainable office model also rooted in local urban context that could be used to galvanise regeneration in struggling towns and cities elsewhere.

And so far in Sunderland鈥檚 case it appears to be working, with online grocer Ocado already leasing The Beam鈥檚 two top floors. Crabb is hopeful about the city鈥檚 post-Brexit future. 鈥淏rexit could be a huge opportunity, there鈥檚 a real determination to make things work and we very much hope this development creates the critical mass that鈥檚 a sign of things to come,鈥� he says. 

Many of Sunderland鈥檚 residents simply do not believe anything will ever change for the better

However, despite Sunderland鈥檚 avowed Brexit allegiances, it is not so much the departure that is the defining issue here but the chronic disillusionment of the local community. After such a long period of economic stagnation and so many false regeneration starts on sites like the Vaux Brewery, many of Sunderland鈥檚 residents simply do not believe anything will ever change for the better.

These sentiments were caustically expressed during The Beam鈥檚 public consultation in an adjacent shopping centre, an experience Doody diplomatically describes as 鈥渂ruising鈥�. People were 鈥渇ar less concerned with the architecture of the building鈥� than by a scepticism that the proposed investment in the site or in their city would ever materialise. But by symbolising just that, The Beam hopes not to just kick-start economic renewal but may reignite that crucial element without which no amount of regeneration or investment will ever succeed: civic pride.