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Is your job safe from computer automation? It鈥檚 a question construction consultants will increasingly have to start asking themselves. And if you think you鈥檙e immune, you might need to think again. 

We may be used to the idea of robot automation on manufacturing production lines, but white-collar professionals are now feeling the heat from new digital technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), given the exponential growth in computing power and algorithm-based computer systems. There is talk of automated nurses, even judges. A 2013 report from Oxford university estimated that 47% of all US jobs were at a high risk of automation in the next 20 years, including 鈥渁 substantial share of employment in [鈥�] construction occupations鈥�. Most recently, PwC reported that 20% of all UK jobs were at risk of automation by the mid-2030s.

For consulting firms working in UK construction, the rise of digital technologies such as AI, the 鈥渋nternet of things鈥� and blockchain is, of course, a huge potential opportunity as well as a threat. For many, it is opening up the possibility of consultants鈥� more routine tasks 鈥� drawing up cost schedules or engineers鈥� calculations 鈥� being largely automated, freeing up time for more creative endeavours. And according to a report published last autumn by construction firm Mace, these technologies are coming quickly 鈥� with a widespread effect from AI and process automation likely within 10 years. 

Many are optimistic that more jobs will be created than destroyed by this so-called 鈥渇ourth industrial revolution鈥�. But there is no guarantee that new jobs will require the same skills, while, more broadly, there are fears that automation could further the commodification of what were once highly valued professional services. So as part of our 黑洞社区 Your Future  campaign, we鈥檝e asked how technology will affect the industry鈥檚 architects, surveyors, engineers and project managers, and whether a race to the bottom can be avoided.

Potential

Richard Steer, worldwide chairman of consultant Gleeds, describes a recent demonstration of a prototype showing 鈥� he says 鈥� the potential of combining detailed construction data with powerful computers armed with sophisticated algorithmic models. 鈥淲e had Amazon鈥檚 Alexa in the middle of the table and said to it we wanted to build a 100-room hotel. It came back with 鈥楾hat will cost you 拢28m to build and take you 2.5 years鈥� 鈥� a basic cost plan and schedule just like that.

Yes, it was a bit set up 鈥� but you can see the potential power of this.鈥� The potential impact of this on unreconstructed cost consultants is not hard to imagine. 

There is a huge range of ideas as to where exactly new technology will take consultants 鈥� but the broad direction of travel is common to many visions of the future. Commonly, the first element is the capturing of huge amounts of construction and post-occupancy data through the placing of thousands of sensors on plant, machinery, people and completed buildings, all connected up through the internet of things, to give a picture of how building sites and buildings can perform to a level never previously imaginable. Then, the idea is that computers, containing carefully honed algorithms, machine learning, huge processing power and 鈥� vitally 鈥� this wealth of data, can start undertaking key tasks with minimal human input, from contract management, cost plans and estimating, to the actual design of buildings.

鈥淵ou could easily commodify the process of architecture; it鈥檚 a great fear鈥�

David Nelson, Foster + Partners

Sebastian Wood, managing director at start-up engineering firm Whitby Wood, says: 鈥淲e鈥檙e all familiar with spreadsheet technology on one hand, and [computer] games like Minecraft, where you can build cities with a flick of a button, on the other. It doesn鈥檛 take a genius to see we could potentially do things quite differently.

鈥淲e鈥檙e going to a place where a client rings up to talk about a building 鈥� and you can literally put something together for them in minutes. Things like engineering calculations can be done incredibly quickly 鈥� it鈥檚 just about computing power. For me it鈥檚 not about if this is going to happen 鈥� the conversation is about who is going to focus on it and do it first.鈥�

Huw Thomas, a former partner in architect Foster + Partners, and founder of start-up Data Dig, says project financiers and insurers will drive take-up of this by requiring an increasing amount of detailed information on projects from the outset. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e going to be asking for detail, and asking why you don鈥檛 know this about your projects, or saying they鈥檙e only going to insure against projects with a smart contract.鈥� Thomas predicts that in a decade, as much as 75% of the work of issuing a tender could be automated.

In case the sector is tempted to opt out of this digital revolution, there is the threat that the likes of Google 鈥� already employed by Toronto to develop a 鈥渟mart city鈥� on its waterfront 鈥� will step in and do it for them. Will Waller, head of futures at consultant Arcadis, says: 鈥淭he risk is someone comes in from outside and eats your lunch鈥� 鈥� construction鈥檚 equivalent of how taxi app Uber has laid waste to competitors in that sector. Matt Gough, director of innovation at Mace, says: 鈥淲e need to be quite ambitious and entrepreneurial, because if we don鈥檛 there are so many companies circling, looking to take advantage.鈥�

Frightening

This doesn鈥檛 mean, however, that anyone expects that engineer, surveyor or architect roles will become redundant. Hanif Kara, co-founder of consultant AKT II, says: 鈥淎t the sharp end it鈥檒l be about combining the brute force of amazing computational power with the skill of seasoned engineers.鈥� But the thrust of job roles could change, reducing time needed for the vital but often repetitive calculations and other tasks that were once at the heart of professionals鈥� competencies. Data Dig鈥檚 Thomas says: 鈥淭he drudgery work will inevitably be taken on by machines, which takes some of the employment away from consultants.鈥�

For some, this could be a relief. 鈥淥ur view is that if you can save a day a week of your time, to be more strategic, or do other things, then bring it on,鈥� says Mace鈥檚 Gough.

There will be a need for professional staff able to programme, direct and control the machines, and, vitally, provide the creative input needed to prevent algorithmic standardisation. As well as engineers and surveyors with programming skills, Arcadis鈥� Waller says: 鈥淭he opportunity is there for professionals to boost their skills in areas where humans are better than machines. We鈥檒l need more creativity, abstract thinking and the ability to deal with uncertainty 鈥� that鈥檚 the sweet spot.鈥� 

鈥淲e need to be quite ambitious and entrepreneurial, because there are so many companies circling鈥�

Matt Gough, Mace

But it鈥檚 clearly daunting. Gleeds鈥� Steer has been going around his business in recent months, talking about his vision of the future to staff, including his opinion that technology could start to erode the traditional distinctions between professions. He says: 鈥淵ou finish up, and everyone鈥檚 a bit quiet in the room. I ask them whether they found it all frightening or exciting. Clearly it鈥檚 both.鈥�

His view is that this technological change represents a 鈥淜odak moment鈥� for the sector 鈥� a reference for the photography giant鈥檚 notorious failure to grasp the shift from film to digital images. Frank McLeod, head of project technology at consultant WSP, says the risk is that this technological revolution simply exacerbates the existing drive to commodify professional services: 鈥淚f we use automation to simply drive down the cost and time of delivery so we can maintain market share, then it becomes a race to the bottom,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e think that鈥檚 not sustainable.鈥� 

David Nelson, head of design at Foster + Partners, agrees this is a real risk. 鈥淵ou could easily commodify the process of architecture; it鈥檚 a great fear.鈥�

Meanwhile, many believe the growth in communication and collaboration technologies and the gig economy are nibbling away at the justification for large firms in the first place. In the new world, where teams of talented people can be brought together to form integrated project teams and then disbanded, the infrastructure 鈥� offices, pensions, management 鈥� of big organisations starts to look like unnecessary overheads. Waller agrees that this is a potential threat. 鈥淲e can see a world where internet-based platforms grow up where groups of people offer consultant-like services in a non-traditional way, which enables them to be quite agile,鈥� he says.

How firms respond, in a world where fees are already vastly reduced from a generation ago, will clearly be vital. McLeod鈥檚 answer for WSP is to seek to 鈥渕ove back up the slope鈥� by becoming a 鈥渢rusted adviser鈥� to its clients, more akin to a management consultant for the built environment: one that simply happens to have 鈥渁 very efficient machine鈥� for delivering construction documents. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a different model entirely,鈥� he says. 

Many of the big firms, such as WSP, Aecom and Turner & Townsend, now boast in-house programming teams, while Mace has just set up a client-facing IT function. Meanwhile, Steer says he expects the winners over the next generation to be those firms with the best ability to control and manipulate the vast quantity of data that is expected to be generated. 

Waller says: 鈥淚f you look at history, technological innovations have never destroyed jobs overall. But there will be winners and losers, individually and organisationally, and the losers will be anyone not willing to change.鈥�

Big question

Despite all this, few envisage wholesale change in construction overnight. Barriers include the sector鈥檚 relatively poor research and development and investment levels, the fragmented nature of the industry and question marks over the regulation and use of the data many envisage powering this digital revolution. Waller says: 鈥淚t鈥檒l all take much longer than people think.鈥�

Certainly, with the controversy over Facebook鈥檚 use of customer data still making headlines, this data issue may be harder to resolve than many expect. It鈥檚 not clear how consultants could use information collected from a project to inform work for other clients, even if anonymised. 

Guy Beaumont, digital infrastructure lead at consultant Turner & Townsend, says: 鈥淲e don鈥檛 harvest data from clients 鈥� we work on behalf of them. There鈥檚 a great deal of commercial sensitivity over, particularly, cost data in the construction industry, so we sign non-disclosure agreements with all of them. Construction isn鈥檛 there with open data yet.鈥� Ian Scull, innovation champion in consultant Aecom鈥檚 infrastructure business, says: 鈥淒ata is the new oil. But the industry is feeling its way at the moment 鈥� it鈥檚 something that will need to be resolved.鈥� 

Nevertheless, the big question remains one of where and when to invest in meeting these new challenges, and in a way that protects them against McLeod鈥檚 鈥渞ace to the bottom鈥�. For Foster + Partners鈥� Nelson, key to this will be stressing the uniquely human and emotional content of what designers provide. 鈥満诙瓷缜鴖 and places directly affected the lives of people in every

way, including a big emotional and sensory content,鈥� he says. 鈥淎utomation tends to standardisation, which leads to boredom. We鈥檒l need a degree of sensitivity and emotional intelligence to ensure buildings don鈥檛 just come from the brain but the heart too. The industry will need to be more overt about this.鈥� 

While engineers and surveyors who pride themselves on their ability to grasp numbers may balk at this message, it could prove, ultimately, to be the best case human consultants can make.