黑洞社区

On 27 March, flanked by lobbyists from the coal industry and with a simple stroke of a pen, US President Donald Trump signed away almost a decade of environmental legislation. The presidential decree by the Trump administration to roll back his predecessor Barack Obama鈥檚 progressive policies towards the environment, climate change and sustainability may come to be seen as a nadir in a decade that has seen mixed results for sustainable policies. However, for environmentalists, the actions of the current US administration are far from the only cause for concern.

In the UK, there are fears that politicians鈥� and civil servants鈥� preoccupation with Brexit will result in them taking their eyes off the green agenda. The environment minister, George Eustice, admitted in a parliamentary written answer in February that the government had not commissioned any specific research on the impact of Brexit on environmental policy in the past six months. Meanwhile the so-called Great Repeal Bill will need to translate hundreds of EU sustainability safeguards into UK law, leaving the government with little capacity to introduce regulation to go beyond the pledges agreed to in last year鈥檚 Paris climate change treaty.

These latest fears come after major policy shifts under David Cameron鈥檚 government that led to the axing of the Green Deal in 2015, followed by Zero Carbon Homes targets later that year. The government鈥檚 green credentials were eroded further under Theresa May when the Department for Energy and Climate Change was scrapped last July, taking the climate change brief away from a dedicated department and moving it to a new Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. In recent years, the government has also cut pro-environmental subsidies such as tax relief for green energy schemes and slashed feed-in-tariffs for renewable energy.

And the UK and US are not alone. Germany has been criticised for launching a new generation of coal-fired power stations that burn a particularly polluting 鈥渂rown coal鈥� also known as lignite, which will operate into the 2040s. Environmentalists are increasingly concerned that these developments are part of a wider global trend of sustainability policies being weakened or reversed, with countries all over the world at risk of failing to hit international carbon emissions targets.

For construction professionals working to bring about a more sustainable built environment, the political and policy backdrop clearly has important implications, so how pessimistic are sustainability experts in the industry? Are tougher regulations and targets needed to keep sustainability at the forefront of business leaders鈥� minds? Or has the sustainability agenda, in fact, become so embedded in the industry that it can remain resilient despite new policy directions?

A new political climate

The evidence of the need for urgent action on climate is overwhelming. According to Nasa (whose budget to gather climate data has been explicitly threatened by Trump), global average temperatures are rising at the fastest rate in recorded history, with all but one of the 16 hottest years in the space agency鈥檚 134-year records having occurred since 2000. According to Scientific American, CO2 levels could spike, in two centuries鈥� time, to a rate not seen since 420 million years ago. The safe level of CO2 in the atmosphere is estimated at 350ppm (parts per million); it currently stands at over 400ppm.

And the international political community has recognised the need to act. Last November, the EU formally ratified the Paris Climate Change Agreement, committing all the countries in the union, including the UK, to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions 鈥渂y at least 40%鈥� by 2030. The overall aim is to hold global temperatures to below 2掳C above pre-industrial levels, preferably holding them at 1.5掳C.

It can only serve to cause confusion for UK businesses if countries choose to implement their own individual environmental policies

Ant Wilson, Aecom

The UK鈥檚 own figurehead climate policy is the Climate Change Act of 2008, which commits the UK to lowering greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% of 1990 levels by 2050. The act requires the government to set legally-binding carbon budgets, which cap the greenhouse gases emitted over five-year periods. The first five carbon budgets have been put into law and run up to 2032.

But despite the international move towards cleaning up our collective global act, the actions of individual governments have not 鈥� especially in recent months 鈥� matched this laudable effort to compel green policymaking by binding legislation. Nick Cullen, partner at engineering consultant Hoare Lea, says Trump should be viewed as a symptom of a wider backlash to progressive policies worldwide: 鈥淒espite such successes as the Paris accords last year, the environmental agenda has lost some of its shine. Trump has echoes across the world and is a reaction against a globalisation agenda that hasn鈥檛 always been to the advantage of those working in industries exposed to the resulting competition.鈥�

While it may be too early to fully understand the impact of this changed political climate, the uncertainty it has created is not welcomed by many working in sustainable construction.

According to Ant Wilson, director of sustainability in the building engineering division of Aecom, the main effect of the cancellation of the schemes such as the Green Deal by the UK government is to knock confidence in future initiatives. Wilson says: 鈥淭he main impact is that businesses are perhaps more reluctant to get on board with similar initiatives through uncertainty over whether the government may pull the plug just as progress is starting to be made.鈥�

Brexit

The UK鈥檚 political and legislative environment is, of course, changing more than most, and the biggest concern for many is the effect that leaving the EU may have on environmental policies.

At present, EU law is responsible for between 80-90% of the UK鈥檚 environmental law. One fear is that the passage of the Great Repeal Bill through parliament could see the government make changes to environmental laws without recourse to parliament through secondary legislation.

It is actually industry that is leading the way, waiting for regulations to catch up

Barny Evans, WSP

Another is that environmental policies are likely to be part of the negotiation tussle between the UK and the EU, with some news reports earlier this month suggesting that the UK is looking to scrap its clean energy targets to skirt fines that could reach tens of millions of pounds for missing such targets. Other news sources have suggested that the UK may have to abide by EU standards as the condition of any post-Brexit deal.

A report by the UK Green 黑洞社区 Council (UKGBC) published ahead of the EU referendum in April 2016, noted that the UK, under EU law, is committed to fulfilling a nearly zero-energy standard by the end of 2020. This is a particularly important area where it is unclear what the Brexit effect may be on existing commitments (see box: Lost in translation).

But Julie Hirigoyen, chief executive of the UK Green 黑洞社区 Council, says targets should remain regardless: 鈥淐utting carbon emissions and improving sustainable practices across the construction and property industry is of vital importance. 黑洞社区s are responsible for approximately one third of global greenhouse gas emissions, and without addressing this we鈥檙e not going to meet our legally binding Paris Agreement target to limit warming to 鈥榳ell below 2掳C鈥� 鈥� which remains in place regardless of the UK鈥檚 relationship to the EU.鈥�

While the fog of negotiations is unlikely to clear any time soon, many commentators feel that a lack of time due to the weight of legislation making its way through parliament means politicians are likely to have little appetite for any new reforms. Hoare Lea鈥檚 Cullen acknowledges Brexit will dominate political discourse for months, if not years. 鈥淏rexit will impact upon the government鈥檚 ability to introduce and implement new policies as Whitehall focuses on the Brexit agenda which cuts across so much of government. However, I doubt that we will notice not least because if a regulation is not being introduced, then how can it be missed?鈥�

Another possible outcome of Brexit may be that if powers repatriated from the EU bypass Westminster and head to Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland, then the parts of the UK will have increasingly different standards. Aecom鈥檚 Wilson warns that this could impede business and add red tape: 鈥淚t is vital that individual countries in the UK adopt a common way forward. It can only serve to cause confusion for UK businesses if countries choose to implement their own individual environmental policies.鈥�

Raising the bar

Although the current headlines on sustainability may not be a comfort to those sympathetic to the green agenda, when it comes to legislation in the UK there are some new standards making their way into law that will raise the bar on efficiency and potentially prove to be a boon for contractors.

Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards are set to be introduced in England and Wales in April 2018, which will make it unlawful to let premises with an EPC Rating of F or G. The changes will affect almost a fifth of all commercial property in the UK and could open opportunities for firms looking beyond the low-hanging fruit to retrofit offices and homes across the country.

Brexit will impact upon the government鈥檚 ability to introduce and implement new policies as Whitehall focuses on the Brexit agenda

Nick Cullen, Hoare Lea

According to Niall Robertson, director of building consultancy at JLL, the effect of the legislation should not be underestimated.

鈥淭his is one of the most significant pieces of legislation in decades to force building owners to upgrade poorly performing existing commercial building stock.鈥�

Barny Evans, head of sustainability at WSP, says that industry has also pressed ahead with innovation on its own: 鈥淭he change of technologies and rapid decarbonisation of the electrical grid has taken government by surprise and our regulations are actually struggling to keep up. It is actually industry that is leading the way waiting for regulations to catch up.鈥�

However, responses to 黑洞社区鈥檚 Brexit survey earlier this year revealed that many in the industry are concerned about the general direction of travel when it comes to sustainability policies, with one respondent saying: 鈥淭he government has failed to embrace the green economy and rowed back on the imposition of zero carbon code for sustainable homes; abandoned efforts to seriously tackle energy waste; has crashed the renewable energy sector by slashing subsidies that were reducing progressively anyway and in doing so has destroyed investor confidence.鈥�

Still, according to WSP鈥檚 Evans, scrapping legislation in itself is not necessarily a bad thing: 鈥淭he zero-carbon homes issue is a good illustration of not thinking things through. Similarly, the Green Deal was very unsuccessful and therefore its removal did not change the industry significantly. What it did mean is that there was a realisation of how difficult energy efficiency on a building-by-building plan is.鈥�

Clare Murray, head of sustainability at architect Levitt Bernstein, says: 鈥淭he Code [for Sustainable Homes] was an out-of-date document that needed updating rather than scrapping altogether. While the lack of replacement is a loss for policy makers in providing an even playing field, this should be seen as an opportunity for designers and clients to use their creativity to build sustainable homes desperately needed for the future.鈥�

Clients are key

Indeed, there is growing evidence to suggest that demand, rather than legislation, is now driving sustainable development. As the sustainable sector has matured, the focus for new initiatives and higher standards has moved from legislation to clients, with many big firms now positioned to capitalise on sustainability in a way that wasn鈥檛 practical a decade ago and finding that environmental policies can give a return on investment as a marketing tool.

BREEAM standards have played a vital role in improving the efficiency of commercial offices and other building types. BREEAM has an 80% market share in Europe and has certified 250,000 offices worldwide. Analysis by Sweett Group found that developers invest 2% more in projects to attain a higher BREEAM rating.

Developer Hammerson recently announced plans to become net carbon positive by 2030, and Land Securities has committed to adhering to Science Based Targets, an initiative under which companies work with organisations such as WWF to set greenhouse gas reduction targets.

Emma Hoskyn, director of upstream sustainability services at JLL says that society itself, rather than the government, will keep firms in check. She says: 鈥淏usinesses will continue to be more socially and environmentally responsible going forward. Society is expecting more and more of UK business than they were even five years ago.鈥�

But while some in the construction industry remain optimistic that there is still momentum behind the drive to make the built environment more sustainable, there are clearly challenges the sector has yet to address, such as the chasm between the designed energy performance and that achieved in practice for new buildings. Innovate UK calculates that on average a new home emits 2.6 times more carbon than that shown on its design stage.

This issue has begun to be tackled at local level in London through the London Plan, where new developments have targets on residual regulated carbon emissions from heating and hot water that can be offset through an in-lieu payment. The offset payments come in at around 拢1,300 to 拢1,600 for a two-bedroom flat and have begun to focus the minds of developers.

Such local solutions, while welcome, point to a growing fragmentation of sustainability initiatives. Peter Fisher, partner at Bennetts Associates, says: 鈥淭here is certainly a risk that fragmentation continues until there is no market certainty and absolutely no public understanding of what they should be expecting.

鈥淓ven within the sustainability sector there is great fragmentation within groups that are trying to solve the issue, and so knowledge and ideas don鈥檛 get shared as much as they could.鈥�

In his late night twitter posts the current US president has previously dubbed climate change a 鈥渉oax created by the Chinese鈥� and 鈥渂ullsh*t鈥�. However, Trump may find the clamour from the sustainability sector harder to dismiss than his predecessor鈥檚 policies. WSP鈥檚 Evans certainly believes the sustainability agenda is here to stay despite the whims of politicians: 鈥淣o policy change by any government is going to stop us moving to a zero pollution, low-carbon future. Any government that attempts to do that is likely to do economic damage to their own economy.鈥�