黑洞社区

Over the past decade, garden communities have become an increasingly popular way of delivering housing, with Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats all attracted to their positive branding. 

In 2014, the Lyons Housing Commission, set up by the Labour opposition as part of a public policy review on housing and led by Sir Michael Lyons, concluded that garden cities were 鈥渆ssential to meeting housing need over the medium to long term鈥�. Although then local government secretary Eric Pickles suggested this meant 鈥渄umping rebranded eco-towns on local communities鈥�, a year later the Conservative/Lib Dem coalition government released a prospectus entitled Locally-led garden villages, towns and cities with a support package for areas that wanted to create a garden community. It also announced that it would back a 15,000-home garden city at Ebbsfleet in Kent.

The delivery of 14 garden villages and three garden towns across Britain

In 2016 the Conservative government promised a 鈥渘ew wave鈥� of garden towns and cities. Then prime minister Theresa May, in her government鈥檚 first announcement of 2017, pledged to support the delivery of 14 garden villages and three garden towns across Britain with a 拢6m pot for the villages and 拢1.4m earmarked for the towns in Buckinghamshire, Somerset and the Essex-Hertfordshire border.

Labour, had it won last year鈥檚 general election, would have introduced legislation for the 鈥渘ext generation鈥� of garden communities, according to its 2018 housing green paper. And in January this year, Boris Johnson鈥檚 government promised a further 拢6m to progress garden towns and villages.

But delivery of these projects has been slow. Research from the consultancy Lichfields, released in December last year, showed that the 49 garden communities in the government鈥檚 programme since 2014 will provide 403,000 homes, up to 182 primary schools and 56 secondary schools, and 600 or more hectares of employment land 鈥� but not before 2050.

Lichfields found that homes are unlikely to be delivered in scale until the next electoral cycle. Although the consultant concluded that the developments could be turning out 16,000 dwellings a year by the 2030s, this seems a small number, considering the government鈥檚 commitment just over a year ago to delivering 300,000 homes a year by the mid-2020s 鈥� so much for them being 鈥渆ssential to meeting housing need鈥�.

Perhaps one of the reasons for such slow delivery is that garden communities have their own set of development challenges. The Town and Country Planning Association (TCPA) charity 鈥� founded by the father of garden cities Ebenezer Howard in 1899 to create the first projects at Letchworth and then Welwyn, both in Hertfordshire 鈥� says garden communities should be 鈥渨ell designed, healthy places鈥� with the 鈥渞ight employment, community facilities and a range or housing鈥� or they 鈥渞isk becoming dormitory commuter suburbs 鈥� the antithesis of the garden city idea鈥�.

Howard鈥檚 idea was to combine the countryside and town, to create places to live and work and for communities to have plenty of green space. But schemes have been criticised for being higher density than Howard originally envisaged and not being 鈥済reen鈥� enough by today鈥檚 standards. So, are the garden villages in the pipeline likely to live up to the original vision?

An answer to development?

As the 14 communities in May鈥檚 2017 announcement are still largely in the planning stage 鈥� only five of them have outline planning permission to date 鈥� their potential success is hard to gauge. But there are other garden cities around the world that can be considered as examples.

Howard鈥檚 Letchworth and Welwyn garden cities are generally considered to have been a success but others have been criticised for desecrating the countryside and for lacking transport infrastructure in and around them. Some proposed garden cities became little more than dormitory suburbs as residents continued to travel to urban hubs for work.  

Anthony Breach, housing analyst at The Centre for Cities think tank, highlights a garden city experiment in South Korea where people ended up commuting, pushing up carbon emissions. He suggests that 鈥済arden cities were an answer to 19th-century Victorian London but not 21st-century cities鈥�.

He adds: 鈥淧eople try to put distance between where they live and work. People work where land is more expensive and live where the land is cheaper. Forcing people to live and work in the same place is ineffective.鈥�

If garden communities are a branding that 鈥減resents the argument for new urban expansion, that鈥檚 fine鈥� 鈥� 鈥減eople like the idea of garden cities鈥� 鈥� but as stand-alone communities they are not an answer to development, Breach says.

Over time, there will be employment opportunities in the community

Philip Robson, planning barrister at Kings Chambers

All the garden villages will need to entice the private sector to provide jobs and shops. But, says Philip Robson, planning barrister at Kings Chambers, 鈥渨ith populations as low as 1,500, this may prove problematic鈥�.

Although Andrew Whitaker, planning director at the Home Builders Federation, believes that 鈥渆mployment will come鈥�, he says it takes time. 鈥淲hen you first build the houses [people will] inevitably travel out for work but, over time, there will be employment opportunities in the community.鈥� 

Silvia Lazzerini, head of planning and design for strategic land at developer Grosvenor, which is working on a garden village in the Oxfordshire Cotswolds 鈥� one of those named in 2017 鈥� admits that 鈥渆mployment takes longer鈥� than creating a 鈥渟ense of place鈥� with homes. She says the vision for the Oxfordshire project is that people 鈥渓ive, work and play in the same place鈥� but that there is a 鈥渃hoice for the community鈥�. Grosvenor鈥檚 aim is to make the site attractive to employers, she adds. The developer is understood to be looking for a major employer/investor to attract branding and identity.

Andrew Longley, head of the north Northamptonshire joint planning and delivery unit, working on the Tresham project on Deenethorpe Airfield, says: 鈥淲e are trying hard so it鈥檚 not a dormitory village on the edge of Corby.鈥� The aim is to create 1,500 jobs on the site, he says. Planners for Tresham also have ideas for 鈥渇lexible鈥� buildings on the site that can be business properties or homes, Longley adds. So what of the density and green space?

Although there will be some higher density housing in Brentwood鈥檚 Dunton Hills development 鈥� another of the 14 鈥� the council鈥檚 director of planning and economy Phil Drane says a key aspect of the development will be lots of green space. 鈥淕reen space runs through the middle of it,鈥� he adds.

One of the reasons why Brentwood chose to create a garden community was because, after consultation with members and the local community, it reached the conclusion that it was a 鈥渟eries of villages鈥�, Drane explains. He says Dunton Hills will deliver a 鈥渟ignificant contribution to the housing needs of the borough but continue that village character鈥�.

The ambition is to deliver a country park, green space and 鈥渂iodiversity elements鈥�

Longley says Tresham will be low density and a lot of effort has gone into the landscape design and ecosystem services. He calls it a test bed for quality design ideas.

Tina Maryan, a council area planning officer in mid-Devon working on the Culm Garden Village, says the ambition is to deliver a country park, green space and 鈥渂iodiversity elements鈥�, along with zero carbon buildings, renewable energy, jobs, schools and healthcare. 

But even if these schemes manage to create healthy and vibrant places, as the TCPA says they should, they still take a long time to come to fruition. Matthew Spry, senior director at Lichfields, points out that it can take about five years to get planning permission on these schemes, two to three years to get the first homes built, then another 10 to 15 years to complete.

Tresham has been in the planning for more than 10 years. It is hoped that a planning application will go in this summer, it will be agreed in the new year and building will start about 18 months after that. 

Spry says: 鈥淭he schemes [in the government鈥檚 programme] are going at a pace you would expect, if you are a realist.鈥�

Funding boost

The government鈥檚 interest certainly boosts the drive to bring the garden schemes forward. The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) says it has allocated 拢45m of capacity funding to help 49 garden community developments, not including Ebbsfleet, since 2015. 

Maryan says that being one of May鈥檚 14 garden villages 鈥渉as raised the profile of the project with government, and with local communities and other stakeholders鈥�. Government funding has helped 鈥渨ith the project management [of Culm] and to allow studies and expertise to be commissioned鈥�, she adds.

Longley echoes this. 鈥淭hat funding in 2017 allowed us to hire consultants and expertise,鈥� he says. He adds: 鈥淭he funding has allowed us [the council] to be more in the driving seat in terms of making sure aspects of the proposals that make it special are followed.鈥�

Richard Jones, partner at consultancy Arcadis, says one of the issues with garden communities is 鈥済etting it through planning鈥�. He suggests that 鈥渁cross the number of units, it鈥檚 [the money given by government] not very much鈥�, considering the 鈥渁mount of money that developers are now spending on planning applications鈥�.

Infrastructure

One significant way the Westminster cash could help is to solve infrastructure issues that are often one of the major sticking points of these projects. Creating brand new infrastructure or fitting in with what is already there can add on considerable time to a development. The government created the Ebbsfleet Development Corporation to speed up the building of 15,000 homes on the site and it has so far invested 拢100m in infrastructure to unlock development. Lichfields estimates that garden communities have been allocated 拢1.35bn of the government鈥檚 拢5.5bn Housing Infrastructure Funding pot.

Maryan says: 鈥淚nfrastructure is the biggest challenge for Culm.鈥� And Longley says: 鈥淥ne worry for us is the traffic, and how that is managed.鈥� Whitaker says: 鈥淭here鈥檚 a very strong market in these [garden] developments. Putting lots of houses in one place with infrastructure is attractive to developers.鈥� However, he also warns: 鈥淚t鈥檚 very difficult to put the infrastructure in but everyone demands it.鈥� Jones says that without infrastructure, schemes will fail to get off the ground: 鈥淭he infrastructure has to be viable for a private developer to get involved. If you are trying to engage the private sector, you have to have something that is credible.鈥� 

Another risk for garden developments is a change in political administration. Because the projects take so long there will inevitably be elections during that time.

Jones says that garden communities 鈥渘eed successive governments to buy into the same vision鈥�. Spry says: 鈥淚f there鈥檚 local political opposition it will be tough to bring a development forward. [These schemes] work well when there鈥檚 a local political will.鈥�

Lazzerini feels that the Oxfordshire project will be safe from political changes 鈥渁s long as we have demonstrated that this benefits everyone in the local area鈥�. She adds: 鈥淚f you have an enlightened council you should have a good collaboration of people trying to get things done.鈥� 

We don鈥檛 want to have a top-down approach to masterplanning

Silvia Lazzerini, Grosvenor

Lazzerini also talks about the importance of bringing local communities along with you. Local residents will often warm more to a scheme with the 鈥済arden鈥� development tag but, as with any big project, there are always objections.

Lazzerini says that Grosvenor鈥檚 approach in Oxfordshire is a 鈥渟trong vision of community engagement. We don鈥檛 want to have a top-down approach to masterplanning鈥�. She explains: 鈥淔or quite a few months we were in listening mode, and people started to warm to it [the scheme].鈥�

Longley agrees. He also says that taking time over the proposals has been key to gaining public support. 鈥淣ot rushing things has been important to bring along local authorities [such as parish councils] with the plans, and hold public consultations. The feedback has been positive.鈥�

Longley also addresses the point that garden communities, arguably, deliver relatively low numbers of units. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not instead [of other developments] 鈥� it鈥檚 part of the mix,鈥� he says. Tresham is providing 1,500 homes but that is just part of the 20-year plan to provide up to 40,000 homes, Longley says. 

A spokesperson for the MHCLG says: 鈥淲ell-planned, well-designed, locally-led garden communities play a vital role in helping meet this country鈥檚 housing need well into the future, through providing a stable pipeline of homes. It is not just about getting the numbers up 鈥� it is about building places that people are happy to call home.鈥�

So, as these schemes are more popular than the alternatives and should, eventually, help with delivering the homes the country needs, perhaps, as Whitaker says, 鈥渋t doesn鈥檛 matter about the label. They are major developments 鈥� and that has to be a good thing.鈥�