LG has concentrated all its brain power in one campus. Spread over a million square metres in Seoul, the HOK-designed complex of laboratories, offices, atriums, parks and social spaces will host 25,000 researchers and engineers, to help the South Korean electronics firm edge ahead of the competition
South Korean electronics giant LG makes products for virtually every imaginable need inside and outside of the home. The list includes TVs, mobile phones, washing machines, fridges, computers, air conditioning systems and PV panels. The firm is also getting into new areas: self-driving cars, electric car motors and batteries, robots that deliver drinks to your armchair 鈥� the list goes on and on.
South Korean companies 鈥� LG, alongside its competitor Samsung and car manufacturer Hyundai 鈥� are grabbing an increasingly large share of the global market for consumer goods. Making headway in this fiercely competitive space requires energy, determination and plenty of investment, which they seem prepared for. For example, unlike many of their Western rivals, Samsung and LG develop products from scratch 鈥� both supply Apple with iPhone screens. In a bid to keep ahead of the game LG, has invested an eye-watering 拢2.7bn in a purpose-built research and development facility on the western edge of the capital Seoul, which 鈥� at one million square metres 鈥� ranks as one of the world鈥檚 largest. Already populated with 18,000 researchers and support staff, it will house 25,000 people in 26 buildings when the last phase completes in 2022. What鈥檚 even more extraordinary is that this huge, highly specialised development was built in just 33 months. It was designed by HOK, the architecture practice responsible for the Francis Crick Institute, the biomedical research lab near London鈥檚 St Pancras station that was completed in 2016.
鈥淭he spaces, inside and out, are designed to foster a culture where people can interact and form new ideas鈥�
Larry Malcic, design principal, HOK
HOK has applied the same design principles used at the Crick to LG鈥檚 new facility. The former brings six research institutions together under one roof, with the idea that scientists will interact with each other and spark off new ideas 鈥� a principle called 鈥渃ollaborative science鈥�. The complex in Seoul does this on a much bigger scale by aggregating eight different divisions 鈥� or 鈥渁ffiliates鈥� in LG-speak 鈥� from around the country, into one location. 鈥淭here is a limitation to growth with the current way of operating so we wanted to try a new approach,鈥� explains LG鈥檚 Yongho Ha, a vice-president at the science park. 鈥淲e needed to invest more in research and science in order to grow. The nature of R&D is changing and it is more efficient to converge science and technology. This will enable us to study more about artificial intelligence, software and communications. The purpose is to build the foundations for the future of the business.鈥�
This was easier said than done. Each affiliate is run as a separate business with its own distinct research focus, identity and culture. HOK had to create a facility to satisfy these different divisions and promote the type of convergence LG wanted. To that end, the affiliates have their own buildings, but these are linked to the wider campus. 鈥淭he design is all about encouraging people to get together,鈥� say Larry Malcic, design principal for HOK鈥檚 London office. 鈥淭he spaces, inside and out, are designed to foster a culture where people can interact and form new ideas.鈥�
Making a change
Those involved with the project says the biggest challenge wasn鈥檛 designing and building the science park but managing cultural change. 鈥淭he biggest challenge was getting agreement from such a multi-headed client,鈥� says Malcic. According to Ha, each affiliate was involved in the design and specification of their buildings, but at times this didn鈥檛 align with LG鈥檚 vision of greater convergence, which required the firm hand of senior management. 鈥淭he guiding principle was that this isn鈥檛 about the small picture but the big picture,鈥� he explains. 鈥淚f it鈥檚 a small loss for each affiliate but more productive for the whole group, then they [senior management] went in that direction.鈥�
Inevitably there were compromises. The Crick features a large atrium with open balconies to foster a sense of openness and collaboration. Like the Crick, each building on LG鈥檚 science park features an atrium but these are closed off with glass screens. 鈥淲e wanted to open it up, but it was a step too far for LG,鈥� says Malcic. 鈥淭raditionally they have been sealed off.鈥�
Within research areas the laboratories feature glass partitions, separated by corridors, to make them feel more inclusive.
Touring the campus
The science park comprises 20 buildings arranged on either side of a central boulevard, with a second, perpendicular boulevard creating a cruciform-shaped linear park, with water features, rock gardens, trees and seating areas.
The buildings are box-like and visually uncomplicated. Malcic says HOK adopted LG鈥檚 approach to product design, where all technology is encased within a no-frills box. 鈥淵ou spend the money on the inside and create a very simple package around it,鈥� he explains.
Within each building the laboratories are arranged around a central atrium. The laboratories themselves are plain and business-like, with two permutations: 鈥渨et鈥� and 鈥渄ry鈥�. The latter is used for computational research, while the former is designed for physical experiments to verify the results.
All the labs are designed to be reconfigured easily to accommodate changing needs. 鈥淭he scientists don鈥檛 know what they will be researching next year, as technology is changing so quickly,鈥� explains Gansam鈥檚 Chin.
There is plenty of breakout space. with some affiliates linked to neighbours via the central boulevard 鈥� the idea is that this will bring different specialisms together. At the time of 黑洞社区鈥檚 visit these areas were virtually deserted 鈥� although it was mid-morning when people were most likely to be working.
The centre comes alive in the so-called integrated support centre (ISC). Located at the heart of the campus, this is where most of the social interaction takes place. It is less clinical than the research buildings, with natural stone floors, timber detailing and brighter colours. People come to eat in the dining rooms, which seat 4,500 people and can serve 10,000 meals a day. The ISC also includes shops, healthcare facilities, creches, fitness centres and auditoriums for presenting research findings. 鈥淚t鈥檚 got everything to attract the best scientists in the world,鈥� Chin says.
Opposite is another joint facility, the shared laboratory centre (SLC). This contains all the specialised kit for research including materials simulation and 3D chemical imaging. Sharing saves money on expensive equipment and helps foster collaboration. It is also open to other research institutions. The ISC and SLC feature copper coloured cladding to demarcate these facilities from the other buildings. The centre of the campus is also a stable place for experiments as it is located far from the car parking at either end of the campus. 鈥淪ome experiments take a year and are very sensitive,鈥� says Yoon. 鈥淭he vibration caused by the forces from a car braking could ruin a year鈥檚 work.鈥�
The whole campus is built over one massive basement. This links the buildings together, with a service road running around the perimeter for deliveries to the individual buildings using electric vehicles. The basement also contains plant, with services being distributed to individual buildings via risers on each side.
The buildings extend into the basement: the ISC has private dining rooms at this level with attractive sunken gardens cut into the boulevard to bring in natural light and the SLC houses the heavy, vibration sensitive research equipment.
LG spent longer planning the science park than it took to build. The company spent six years deciding what it wanted, which parts of its business should move to the park and what working systems should be adopted, as well as finding a suitable site 鈥� former paddy fields on the west side of the city. Once it had worked up a brief, it went out to competition.
HOK won the contract in 2013, in partnership with local architect Gansam. The competition stage had involved an intense period defining the concept and site layout, which HOK senior vice-president Chris Yoon describes as a 鈥渉uge investment鈥� 鈥� it had a team of up to 14 people working on this and Gansam had 10. 鈥淲e worked like dogs,鈥� says Kyo-Nam Chin, divisional executive director of Gansam.
After securing the job, the team 鈥渉ad to hit the ground running鈥� according to Yoon. As a Korean national, Yoon is familiar with the country鈥檚 famously strong work ethic and understood the need to get the job done quickly. The teams spent a year getting the designs ready for planning, and a further year on the construction documentation. The science park was built using a traditional contract with virtually no contractor involvement in the design.
Construction started in 2014. Gansam had 10 people permanently on site as it also acted as construction manager. 鈥淲e worked continuously, including weekends,鈥� says Chin. All the design decisions as the job progressed were made in collaboration with HOK, a process complicated by the eight-hour time difference. There were some mammoth teleconferences, too. 鈥淪ometimes the teleconferences would last six hours,鈥� says Chin.
The first job was to construct a massive basement that covers the entire site, which involved excavating 240,000m3 of earth. The ground works were speeded along by 24-hour working, then the rate slowed down to 10-hour days once the superstructure stage was reached. The labs feature concrete frames to help dampen vibration, with some offices built from steel. Prefabricated facades helped with meeting the demanding timescale. At the project鈥檚 peak, 7,200 workers were on site.
The first phase of 20 buildings completed in 2017, with the remaining six to be completed by 2022. LG says that researchers are 鈥渧ery satisfied鈥� with the science park, but it will be some time before it can tell whether this new way of doing science has paid off.
LG鈥檚 innovation centre
Deep inside the science campus is an area dedicated to showing off LG鈥檚 latest technology. This includes the latest flat TVs, just 4mm thick, and roll-up TV screens 鈥� a 65in screen rises automatically out of a 150mm-high box to reveal a display of startling quality. Other domestic appliances include fridges that open automatically with a wave of the foot and send temperature settings to a connected cooker when programmed with a recipe. One of the most compelling gadgets is a dry-cleaning wardrobe 鈥� suits are steam-cleaned then gently heated and shaken to remove creases, and a common feature in Korean homes. There is also a big automotive focus 鈥� car batteries with a range of over 280 miles, heads-up displays and small screens just inside the passenger and driver鈥檚 doors to replace mirrors, a feature useful for anyone who lives on a narrow street. And, inevitably, there are robots: ones to mow the lawn, others for automated airport terminal cleaning and more frivolous ones that serve drinks.
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