黑洞社区

Digitalisation is disrupting industries across the global economy. However, while some parts of engineering and construction have embraced digital working with gusto, the industry as a whole is often characterised as behind the curve. In the UK, implementation of BIM (building information modelling) remains patchy despite a government mandate that must be used for public projects, and the PAS1192 standard that applies to the whole construction sector.  

To get a better understanding of how the sector鈥檚 leading global organisations are getting to grips with the challenge of digitalisation, the Global Industry Council (GIC) was set up by Aconex, bringing together senior executives from multinational companies such as Aecom, Bechtel, Fluor and Lendlease. 

In a new report (see box), this group identified a number of challenges to the adoption of new technology as well as solutions. To explore how these findings apply to the UK context, 黑洞社区 brought together a number of the industry鈥檚 leading digital champions for a roundtable debate that was held in association with specialist construction software provider Aconex. 

鈥淲e are all busy delivering work and it鈥檚 tough. it鈥檚 one thing being asked to embrace this, another applying it鈥�

Malcolm Stagg, Skanska

The right ecosystem

The GIC鈥檚 emphasis on the need to create a digital ecosystem that makes sense for employees was highlighted by Ivor Barbrook, head of planning and digital construction at contractor Bam Nuttall.

鈥淭he real block is cultural challenge: bringing people along with an understanding of why we need to make change and how it will benefit them,鈥� he said. 

Neil Thompson of Atkins, said that digitalisation lowered the barriers to entry in built environment industries, like other sectors of the economy. 

But greater use of digital tools could help the industry to overcome its skills shortages, he said: 鈥淭here鈥檚 a massive demand for good quality infrastructure and there isn鈥檛 enough expertise to deliver it.鈥�

Peter Trebilcock, head of architecture at consultant Capita said that his firm鈥檚 staff were switched onto digital ways of working. 

鈥淥ur staff use lot of digital tools in their work, analysis and design: they get what BIM brings in terms of integrated and cross-disciplinary working and the efficiencies and improvements that can bring.鈥�

Looking to the other end of the process, the end user, he added that companies are also starting to exploit the technology as a sales tool, giving as an example how housing developers are using online models to enable customers to personalise their homes. 

But Malcolm Stagg, director of BIM and digital engineering at contractor Skanska, said that the project-based nature of construction impeded efforts to create a digital-friendly ecosystem across the industry.  

Teams usually come together for construction projects and then break up, reassembling with different sets of partners, which often involve entirely new permutations of systems. 

The fragmented nature of the industry鈥檚 supply chain does not help, he added. 鈥淲e have 20,000 people in our supply chain in the UK: that is the dominant population on our sites.鈥�

There are substantial benefits to be gained if adoption is achieved throughout the supply chain. However, the sharing of digital models would certainly bring benefits across the supply chain, said Trebilcock: 鈥淭he more parties involved in a project who are digitally literate, the better the outcomes are likely to be.鈥�

On a recent visit to construction projects in the US, Trebilcock said he had seen widespread adoption of BIM. 鈥淓very single one was BIM: they demanded it because they wanted more efficient projects.  It was the industry norm and expected good practice.鈥�

But making the case for digitalisation can be more problematic back in the UK, he acknowledged: 鈥淭he challenge is to encourage the supply chain to get digital.鈥� 

Barriers

Matt Olsen, BIM architectural lead at architectural practice Allies and Morrison, pointed to the financial implications of using digital technologies, and said that in the long run, digital transformation paid back in terms of return on investment, one of the five challenges to digital transformation identified by the GIC. 

鈥淭he added cost needs to be recognised in the light of the value that will be gained further down the stream.鈥� 

Olsen said he understood why some firms in the supply chain will be reluctant to embrace the upfront costs of technological solutions. 鈥淧eople are starting to see benefits of BIM working but it鈥檚 less apparent across the supply chain. 

鈥淲e are a large practice and can afford the overheads: we have one person dedicated to this task internally but if you have a small practice and a smaller client, it鈥檚 seen that there鈥檚 not the money even if you develop the value later.鈥�

Stagg said time pressures were an important barrier to adoption of digital models.  鈥淲e are all busy delivering work and it鈥檚 tough. It鈥檚 one thing being asked to embrace this, another applying it.鈥�

And it was often difficult to show return on investment on digital spending within the annual business cycle timeframes that construction firms work to, he added: 鈥淚t can take more than 12 months to realise returns. We need to start extending out that return period otherwise we will end up failing. 

鈥淲ithout that I struggle to understand how we will develop a return on investment,鈥�

And there is only so much that even a big prime contractor can do to encourage the uptake of digitalisation across its supply chain, said Stagg: 鈥淲e could work 24/7 with our supply chain, but it鈥檚 never enough.鈥� 

As a contrast, he pointed to the more systematic way that the automotive industry works with its supply chain. 

The GIC鈥檚 recommendation on the importance of greater standardisation was highlighted by Lucy Abbott, BIM director at contractor Wates Group, as a way of bringing digital laggards in the supply chain up to speed. 

鈥淭he catalyst for change will be around a standardised approach. If we have a situation where we have defined standards, we will upskill the supply chain so there is a consistent approach to interpreting and developing information.鈥� 

鈥淲e have a lot of interest and staff commitment to bim. the challenge is now to bring clients with us to see the benefits for their projects in terms of reducing risk鈥�

Jo Bacon, Allies and Morrison

Clients

It鈥檚 not just the supply chain that needs to be convinced about the virtues of digital working, though, but clients too. 

Jo Bacon, a director at architect Allies and Morrison, said : 鈥淲e have a lot of interest and staff commitment to BIM and lots of internal rewards: the challenge is now to bring clients with us to see the benefits for their projects in terms of reducing risk.鈥�

An example is the nuclear industry, which has been slow to adopt digital ways of working, said Trebilcock: 鈥淭hey love paper because they are conservative and they don鈥檛 have to worry about cyber security or what format they will have to open it up in five or 200 years鈥� time.鈥� 

And this reluctance extended to the more sophisticated version of BIM, which allow lifetime costs to be modelled, said Trebilcock: 鈥淰ery few customers ask for Level 2: a number of customers are interested but it is very much up to us to exploit the technology.鈥� 

Such clients remained the 鈥渆xception鈥� rather than the norm, he added: 鈥淯nless the customer is engaged in the process and want to leverage benefits it鈥檚 left to the design team to be as ambitious or modest as they want.鈥�

But clients are potentially missing out because digitalisation would enable them to better specify outcomes from projects, said Stagg: 鈥淐lients have to understand more about this because they鈥檙e the ultimate beneficiary.鈥� 

Leadership within firms can go a long way to bringing the industry up to speed, said Olsen, pointing to how the buy-in shown by Allies and Morrison鈥檚 senior management from 2010 onwards had played a 鈥渞eally critical鈥� role in encouraging adoption of digital technology across the practice. 

鈥淲e鈥檝e seen the benefits of having BIM-savvy staff moving into project lead level in terms of being aware of BIM,鈥� he said. 

All levels of the workforce needed to be engaged in digital ways of working, said Stagg: 鈥淚t doesn鈥檛 work to have a small BIM team at the top that dictates progress, digital adaptation needs to be at all levels. You need to have a workforce that feels empowered to spend part of the week pushing these new processes.鈥�

鈥淭he transformation that needs to happen is like health and safety. There will be someone with overall responsibility for health and safety but everyone has a role to play in us being healthy and safe. That has to happen with digitalisation:  you may have a digital lead on a project but everyone has to realise they have a role to play.鈥� 

In a nod to Roger鈥檚 model of how innovation diffusion model (see box, above), Bam鈥檚 Barbrook said the human barriers to digital working meant that its roll-out would lag behind that of the technology. 鈥淭he technology will be there by 2020 but getting people to use that technology will take another five years.鈥� 

But ultimately, he said that the industry needed to go digital to achieve a leaner and more efficient business model. 

鈥淎s tier 1 contractors, we are not looking for employers to tell us to do BIM, we are doing it for our own benefit: this is about how we use technologies and make our business process lean.

鈥淓ven if a party is not willing to engage we still have to move down this line because the whole UK industry is going down this lean process. Unless we engage we won鈥檛 survive as a business.鈥�

鈥淰ery few customers ask for level 2: a number of customers are interested but it is very much up to us to exploit the technology鈥�

Peter Trebilcock, Capita