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I asked some other adjudicators how they would have dealt with this problem. To a man they got it wrong. It鈥檚 an easy one 鈥� to get wrong. The adjudicator in the actual case, an experienced adjudicator, got it wrong. The judge said so. So did the barristers on both sides. The court still upheld and enforced the adjudicator鈥檚 wrong award. How come?

The property refurb company Urang Commercial Ltd carried out conversion work on two hotels: one for Century Investments Ltd and the other for Eclipse Hotels (Luton) Ltd. The contracts were ordinary JCT. The rules for getting paid are the usual monthly valuation by the employer鈥檚 team, then the issue of the monthly payment certificate. Valuation No.10 gave the amount due. The employer fell short of meeting the figure, but only by 拢4,100. That was in January last year. The disputes began to mount up thereafter. Come early June 2010, the quarrels included extensions of time, prolongation claims, retention unpaid, interest on overdue money.

Come mid-June, Urang was fed up and called for an adjudicator. The referral to him explained the sums due including that 拢4,100 underpaid in certificate No.10. The respondent counterclaimed. The job was late, so pay up liquidated damages; the soil remedial work was iffy, and the repairs to this and that caused lost revenue after practical completion. So far so ordinary.

The contractor argued that all these items were set-off claims, which required a withholding notice so as to, well, withhold. But the rules say that if you are going to withhold money from sums otherwise due, then you should, nay must, issue the magic piece of paper. The employer鈥檚 team claimed it did. But it had to be on the contractor鈥檚 desk five days before the 鈥渇inal date for payment鈥� of 鈥渢he amount due鈥�. It wasn鈥檛 in time. So, said the adjudicator, 鈥渘o effective withholding notice means no withholding is permitted鈥�, so he wouldn鈥檛 even sniff at the employer鈥檚 claims for late completion damages, nor the soil remediation costs, nor any other counterclaimed item.

So, he got on and did his stuff and awarded the handful of claims for delay, ordered retention release, ordered the underpayment, and ordered interest to the contractor. 鈥淔oul,鈥� shouted the employer. The refusal to consider the counterclaim was a breach of the rules of fair play; the lawyers call it natural justice and told the contractor the employer would not obey the award.

Surprisingly, it took a year to come to court. It usually only takes a few weeks. The judge was told of the so-called unfairness. Now, pause for a moment. An embedded feature of adjudication is this business of natural justice. And since the adjudicator wouldn鈥檛 even look at the counterclaim, the cry of unfairness went up. 鈥淪et it aside鈥� is the bugle call from the barrister for the employer.

His opponent barrister sort of agreed. He too said that the adjudicator ought to have considered the counterclaim and had gone wrong. Moreover, the idea that a withholding notice was required was a wrong statement by the adjudicator. I will tell you why in a moment. The key point is that the adjudicator had asked himself: 鈥淪hould I look at the counterclaim?鈥� and answered, 鈥淣o, because there is no withholding notice.鈥� It was the right question but the wrong answer. An adjudicator who gets the law wrong or gets his facts wrong is beyond impeachment. The result, no matter how wrong, is binding until re-tried by the court. So it is pay now, argue later. The judge gave summary judgment to the builder. The money must flow.

So, why no need for a withholding notice? The judge said: 鈥淎 withholding notice applies only to sums stated in interim valuations.鈥� 鈥淭here is no requirement to serve a withholding notice in relation to other claims made by a contractor, whether under a different provision in the contract or for damages.鈥� Interesting. Most adjudicators have taken the need for a withholding notice to apply to any 鈥渟um due鈥�, rather than sums due in valuations. So, if any money is due for anything under the contract, there has then to be an effective notice of intention to withhold to whittle down what鈥檚 otherwise due. So, if an adjudicator insists on there being a withholding notice and there isn鈥檛 one, the money is payable even though he may be - just may be - wrong.

Tony Bingham is a barrister and arbitrator at 3 Paper 黑洞社区s Temple