黑洞社区

If you鈥檙e involved in building environment-friendly homes, the chances are you have been to, are planning to go to or are currently in Scandinavia. It鈥檚 a new pilgrimage, a rite of passage, almost: take a flight to Stockholm or Malm枚 and find out how the Swedes are building high-quality, well-designed eco-homes, while we鈥檙e still struggling with the basics. Last year, Malm枚 received 3,000 study visits.

There鈥檚 no denying the success of a number of developments in these regions, particularly Hammarby Sj枚stad in Stockholm, an urban regeneration project that in a few years has become a thriving, prosperous community where power for homes is generated from the residents鈥� waste.

However, Sweden can teach us much more than nifty new building techniques. In fact, the most important lessons they can give are not for builders at all, but for central and local government and society as a whole.

It鈥檚 not hard to see the irony of senior executives clocking up air miles to Scandiniavia on a mission to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but the carbon cost could prove worthwhile if lessons are learned and real change results. So, what are these lessons?

The public sector needs to provide a local green infrastructure

After visiting Hammarby in autumn 2006 Yvette Cooper, the housing and planning minister at the time, set the UK鈥檚 2016zero-carbon target for new build. It is ironic, however, that she came away from her tour determined to make every new home independently zero carbon, as the first thing that strikes you in Stockholm is that the Swedish approach is the opposite.

Although micro-renewables and innovative approaches are encouraged and used in Hammarby, the bulk of the power for the development comes from a neighbourhood combined heat and power (CHP) system, which produces electricity and biogas from the community鈥檚 waste. Even the heat from sewage water is used to heat people鈥檚 homes.

This infrastructure 鈥� along with a tram to ensure residents鈥� journeys are eco-friendly 鈥� was paid for and installed by the city authority, at a cost of half a billion euros. Stockholm鈥檚 council was then able to force developers to connect to the green infrastructure, knowing it would make much of its money back through selling thepower. Unlike the UK鈥檚 approach this avoids the need to rely on microgeneration technologies.

In the UK it looks as if neighbourhood CHP systems will only be considered when microgeneration is unworkable. Imtiaz Farookhi, chief executive of the National House 黑洞社区 Council, says: 鈥淭he public sector in Sweden delivers land and infrastructure in ways that reduce risk. Because transport is provided, the developer knows there鈥檒l be a market for the housing.鈥�

Give local government the ability to take decisions

One of the reasons it is so hard to get local infrastructure built in the UK is because the councils that control the neighbourhoods don鈥檛 have the money to pay for it. Every time a local authority wants an expensive piece of infrastructure, it has to go cap in hand to the government and risk being turned away. Tram schemes in places such as Leeds and Liverpool, for example, have been denied despite years of campaigning.

In Sweden, however, the city council not only has the power but also the financial clout to make things happen. Jonas Tornblom, engineer for Hammarby鈥檚 Envac waste system, says: 鈥淎s a resident in Stockholm, the first 30% of my salary goes to the city. Only if I earn enough, do I pay a further tax to the central government 鈥� the city has most of the tax revenue.鈥�

This system means Stockholm can quickly build infrastructure without jumping through bureaucratic hoops. David Birkbeck, chief executive of Design for Homes, adds: 鈥淎s a result of the tax system the local authority has more responsibility and takes more decisions. There is a greater expectation that they will provide.鈥�

Without this degree of local autonomy, it is much harder for neighbourhood infrastructure such as CHP plants, that are never going to be high on the central government鈥檚 agenda, to get funded.

Know why you鈥檙e doing it

In Sweden about 95% of grid energy already comes from 鈥渞enewable鈥� power (approximately 40% nuclear, 48% hydroelectric and 6% biomass), which means only small savings in consumption need to be made to make new homes carbon neutral.

The drive for efficient homes does not stem from a desire to be green, so much as a battle against the Scandinavian climate. If homes are not highly insulated and don鈥檛 have cheap sources of power, energy bills are astronomical in the harsh winters. Homes in Malm枚, for instance, are all built to the German Passivhaus standard, which means virtually all heating and cooling is delivered without additional power.

This distinction has to be understood when trying to replicate the Scandinavian model. As the NHBC鈥檚 Farookhi says: 鈥淭his means the relationship between the energy industry and construction is much more mature. Construction is about creating thermal efficiency, not mini power stations.鈥�

Green living relies on occupiers playing their part

The developments in Hammarby and Malm枚 need residents to play ball, or green targets will not be met. The recycling systems require a degree of co-operation way beyond that expected of residents in the UK in terms of separation of waste and community spirit. In addition, many of the prefabricated building systems and the PassivHaus design standards require restrictions on how residents can act in their homes. Many of the windows do not open fully, for example, and have mechanical ventilation instead.

Homes in Malm枚 have appliances chosen and supplied by the builder. Some people maintain Swedes have a sense of collective responsibility that has allowed these measures to be successful. The question remains whether people in the UK would be happy to allow their personal preferences to be subsumed to the greater good.

Farookhi says: 鈥淭he Swedish consumer seems to have energy efficiency higher up the agenda and communal living seems to work better there.鈥�

Original print headline - Swedish sustainable housing: Voyage to the new world