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All learning beyond school and below the level of higher education in England is overseen by the Learning and Skills Council. The LSC's vision is that "by 2010, young people and adults in England will have knowledge and skills matching the best in the world." An ambitious target when in 1998, only 68% of 17-year-olds in the UK were in education or training, compared with an average of 89% for countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Further learning, as overseen by the LSC, is divided into two broad streams: completion of education and training for 16- to 19-year-olds; and lifelong learning for adults. It is dispensed by over 400 colleges with an array of overlapping roles and courses, while private businesses and even housing associations are being actively encouraged to organise skills training.

The LSC combines the planning role of the former Training & Enterprise Councils with the funding role of the Further Education Funding Council. Over the past couple of years, its infrastructure and property services department has approved 拢2bn of building development, according to assistant director Philip Head. This year the council has dispensed 拢243m in grants, representing up to 35% of total development costs, with extra funds available to improve facilities for 16- to 19-year-olds.

Head is even more upbeat about the future. "We are hoping for an increase of 60% in capital funding between now and 2005/6, which will obviously be a significant sum," he says.

With such funds at their disposal, colleges across the country have been quick to undertake ambitious developments. Newbury College in Berkshire last year completed a 拢18m campus as the first of two PFIs in the sector. The City and Islington College has sold off six lucrative sites in central London and is ploughing the 拢50m proceeds into three new-build and one refurbishment project with architects Wilkinson Eyre and Van Heyningen and Haward.

"There is an increasing tendency away from refurbishment and into new build," confirms Head. "In 1993, colleges were made independent like universities. Many have increased student numbers, forcing them to find more space. New building is the value-for-money route, as it provides more flexible space than refurbishment."

To apply for funding, colleges must subject their estates and projected student numbers to complicated appraisal procedures similar to those laid down for universities. The procedure culminates in a strictly defined mathematical formula that produces the total amount of floor space required. If the figure is more than is available, the college can apply to the LSC for a development grant. Grants of up to 拢100,000 are available to cover consultants' fees for feasibility studies for projects over 拢5m.

Nearly all further education and sixth-form colleges belong to the Association of Colleges, which includes a network of estates managers. The network is run by Martin Pritchett, who advises members of all aspects of estates management and keeps lists of relevant architects and building consultants. Framework agreements are nearly unknown in the sector.

On the subject of procurement, Pritchett says: "There is no one approved route; the old Further Education Council of England published a best practice guide to procurement about four years ago, but this is purely guidance, not prescriptive."

Unlike universities, however, many sixth-form and other colleges are small organisations without the resources of a permanent estates officer. Stafford Critchlow, associate director of Wilkinson Eyre Architects responsible for the City and Islington College, says: "Many estates managers are inexperienced and put in bids that are too low and miss out enormous things."

Even bigger challenges in designing further education college buildings, according to Critchlow, are the low building budgets and the wide range of teaching requirements. "Approved building costs in further education are only about 拢900-拢1000/m2, compared with 拢1100-拢1200/m2 in higher education. No wonder many colleges end up with really terrible buildings with rows of rooms either side of corridors. We try to provide flexible resource-based learning spaces. But it's a challenge on a budget of 拢900/m²."