黑洞社区

01 / INTRODUCTION

Performing arts buildings are complex, high risk and costly. These buildings are designed to house the performing arts of music, drama, opera and dance. Often designed to be awe-inspiring, they are more about volume than floorplate. Challenging to fund, they are built to provide a cultural function, which will benefit the public at large rather than an individual client.

Performing arts buildings have three distinctive sub-types:

• Concert halls: mainly used for music
• Theatres: mainly used for drama
• Opera houses: used for opera and ballet.

Sometimes these sub-types may be combined to provide a multi-purpose hall, often for use by a local authority.

Within each sub-type there are wide variations. A concert hall may be a 500-seat hall for chamber music, or a 2,500-seater for performances by orchestras. Halls may be more suited to non-amplified or amplified music.

Since the mid-nineties, arts buildings have been well funded by either governments or philanthropic individuals, often linked to lottery funding. However, in more recent times, the effect of worldwide austerity measures and the changing priorities of the public purse have meant considerably fewer projects moving from initial concept to construction. Despite these challenges, there is a continuing need to ensure performing arts buildings are modern and meet the requirements of today.

The Arts Council, and the Heritage Lottery Fund are still significant potential funders for performing arts buildings. Heritage Lottery Funding is linked to heritage-related issues,
and generally the building user or owner will need to raise match funding. In London, most West End theatres are privately funded, and there is an increasing move to self-funded community theatre, many associated with schools.

Arts projects are high risk in that they are highly complex, bespoke buildings, and often have inexperienced clients with limited budgets.

Analysis by the National Audit Office on 15 early Arts Council/lottery-funded projects found that although most projects met or exceeded attendance targets and other, artistic, targets, nine were completed late, and 13 exceeded their budget. Subsequent projects have also experienced difficulties.

Steps to improve project delivery have included more vigorous monitoring, strong client project management resources, setting aside a significant client reserve to cover unforeseen contingencies and also funding shortfalls.

Any arts or cultural organisation embarking on a capital project must ensure that it has a well-defined project proposal, and the required management resources. Business planning is essential and funding bodies will ensure that plans are artistically and financially robust.

03 / VALUE DRIVERS

The key question to consider when designing a performing arts building is to consider the client鈥檚 aspirations. This will determine the brief and the key value drivers throughout the life of the project.

The theatre consultant and a specialist cost consultant can add much to the client鈥檚 concept in helping to refine it into a coherent brief for the architect and design team while also guiding the first thoughts on funding.

At the heart of the client鈥檚 aspirations will be the auditorium and the relationship between the performer and the audience. The 鈥渇eel鈥� of the auditorium, the size, the number of seats, and the finish to the auditorium, are all important.

The back of house space, the stage and technical equipment can be equally important value drivers. These will contribute to the attraction of the building for performers.
Increasingly, the foyer space and the retail space are perceived as value drivers. They can transform the building from having an evening-only use to an all-day use. At London鈥檚 Royal Festival Hall, the foyers are now vibrant with activity throughout the day, and form a destination in their own right.

Foyer, retail and catering space will contribute to the economic viability of the building.

04 / DESIGN ISSUES

Each performing arts building is unique, designed to meet the aspirations of the client while providing a building fit for use. Even a local theatre is expected to make an architectural contribution to its neighbourhood, and an international theatre will most likely be an iconic building in its own right. All performing arts buildings add to local economic activity and often lead to developments in surrounding areas. Classic examples are the Lowry and Salford Quays, the Globe and London鈥檚 north Southwark.

Key design drivers are:

• Volume
• Number of seats
• Area per seat
• Core area
• Core front of house efficiency
• Area front of house
• Core back of house efficiency
• Area back of house
• Lifts, risers, plant,structure, efficiency
• Specification level.

Targets for these need to be established as early as possible in the concept stage to guide the design team and to plan costs and fundraising.

The theory of layout

These are complex buildings with many functions. The diagram below shows the complexity of the relationship between the various types of space. In particular, it can be seen how plant, circulation and space for structure is required, if the building is to function properly.

Core area - performance space

The performance space is the core of the building, enabling performers, directors and designers to reach out to their audience. It includes the seating for the audience, and the stage for the performers. A well designed performance space will enhance the performer and link them to their audience, whereas a poorly conceived space will make it much harder to perform and to participate.

There are as many different forms of auditoriums as there are ways of presenting performing art.

Specific designs might include a proscenium, where the audience is separated from the stage by an arch; a thrust stage where the stage projects out into the audience; theatre in the round where the audience surrounds the stage on all sides; an amphitheatre; or an arena.

Flexibility can be important, both from an artistic and commercial perspective, but may increase both capital and operating costs.

In auditoriums and stage planning, the key issues are:

• Arrangement of the performance space to create a two-way communication between the performer and the audience and the principal character of the performing arts building
• The design should address sightlines, audibility, access for all, means of escape, audience comfort, the needs of the performing brief and 鈥済et in鈥� to the stage
• Mechanical services installations, providing an appropriate balance between capital cost and running cost, audience comfort, space take-up by ductwork and plant noise levels. The introduction of air conditioning has been a key aspect of many projects, improving an audience鈥檚 concentration and experience. However, running costs are potentially a major problem. Some projects have been developed to use low-energy solutions, such as ground water cooling and natural ventilation flows
• Seating. This may be flexible and can be easily and economically rearranged, or fixed
• Technical provision throughout the auditorium to enable fully flexible sound, lighting and staging, meeting modern health and safety standards. For example, provision of a technical attic, to provide safe, quick and flexible installation of production lighting and audiovisual installations.

Front of house

Front of house areas represent the public face of a performing arts building, and are complex, multifunctional spaces that need to meet a wide range of demands, from break-out space to retail and catering space, while creating an identity for the building, and the cultural organisations that use it. They will be full before a performance but much emptier at other times and need to be warm and inviting in both conditions.

The foyers should draw in the public and create a sense of anticipation ahead of the performance. Many challenges in the design of public space relate to establishing the character of the venue, accommodating intensive patterns of use, and specifying for high levels of wear and tear.

Sizing of areas is a key issue, balancing comfort and convenience against the high capital cost of front of house space. Other considerations include:

• Design of circulation flows to avoid pinch points and cross flows
• Opportunities for performance in the public spaces
• Design of layout to optimise the number of staff employed and avoid their potential isolation
• Efficient and effective segregation of public and private space including secure money handling and space for patrons taken ill during a performance.

Back of house

Back of house facilities are often the first to be reduced if funding is constrained. However, space for technical and artistic staff is relatively cheap compared with front of house and auditorium areas, and a reduction may not deliver significant cost savings.

Major considerations regarding back of house design and layout include:

• Getting the brief correct. For example, only providing rehearsal and production facilities where these will be required on a regular basis
• Locating staff accommodation to facilitate management and the strengthening of company spirit and identity
• Access requirements, including appropriate access to technical areas, and for unloading and getting equipment on stage
• Storage space for props, musical instruments, and technical equipment. Storage is particularly critical in buildings where the auditorium is designed to be rearranged.

05 / SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Along with the key drivers and design issues, there are specific issues and requirements that need to be considered.

黑洞社区s that house the performing arts can be very expensive. Often they have an innovative design, so they do not benefit from the use of well tried construction techniques, or the economies of scale that are available to commercial schemes of a similar value.

Indicative construction costs per m2 are:

• Mid-range theatre (regional standard) 拢2,500-拢4,000
• Large theatre (national standard, more than 600 seats) 拢4,000-拢6,000
• Opera house (iconic standard) 拢6,000+

One challenge is that costs are mainly driven by the auditorium, stage and foyer areas, so there is little flexibility once the size of the performance space, and character and quality of the building has been determined. Furthermore, there is no simple set of cost drivers that can be addressed to make savings without drastically affecting the character and quality of a scheme. Key cost drivers are:

• 黑洞社区 volume
• Wall to floor ratio
• Quality of facade treatments
• Acoustic standards
• 黑洞社区 services specification
• Extent of finishes and client fit-out
• Theatre equipment (technical fit-out).

Indicative budgets for theatre equipment are often initially set as a percentage of the construction budget. (Excluding theatre equipment.)

Size of theatre	% of construction budget
Large theatre/opera house (greater than 1,000 seats)	18-25%
Medium-size theatre (up to 1,000 seats)	15-20%
Small theatre (up to 500 seats)	15-22%

[There is a minimum base level for equipment]

A receiving house would tend to have a lower percentage of the budget committed to theatre equipment than a producing house of the same size.

In the context of performing arts buildings it is also important to consider the concept of total project cost. Typically, arts clients will only commission large construction projects infrequently, compared with a commercial developer who will be aware of all the costs involved.

The construction element of a performing arts building could only comprise 60% of the total project cost, excluding site purchase. Examples of non-construction costs are:

• Surveys to existing buildings
• Design competition and consultant selection costs
• Furniture, fittings and equipment
• IT and communication systems
• Professional fees - project team
• Legal fees
• Planning and 黑洞社区 Control fees
• Insurances
• In-house project costs including fundraising, marketing and reopening
• Decant costs and interim performance space costs
• Project and construction contingencies
• Non-recoverable VAT.

06 / COST MODEL

The cost model is for a new build regional theatre, with a Gross Internal Area (GIA) of about 4,850m虏. Costs are at first quarter 2013 price levels, based on a lump-sum contract in a South-east of England location. The following items are excluded: fit out of retail, kitchen and exhibition spaces: site preparation, external works and incoming services: professional fees, VAT and specific site abnormals. The rates may need to be adjusted to account for specification, site conditions, procurement route and programme.

	Total (拢)	拢/尘2
Substructure	1,117,400	230.39	6.53%
Basement substructure, sheet piling, temporary supports: 600m @400	240,000
CFA Piled foundations, 600mm diameter, 21m deep: 140 nr @ 拢3,200	448,000
Ground slab: 300 thick on hardcore bed: 1,830m @ 拢160	292,800
Allowance 200mm for suspended slab: 530m @ 拢220	116,600
Allowance for lift pits, including excavation, water proofing and insulation 1 item @ 拢20,000	20,000
	1,117,400
Frame and upper floors	1,589,800	327,79	9.28%
Structural steel columns: 120 tonnes @ 拢2,500	300,000
Structural steel beams: 210 tonnes @ 拢2,000	420,000
Additional steelwork in the form of steel trusses and circular hollow steelwork: 1 item @ 拢200,000	200,000
Allowance for fireproofing to steel beams and columns: 1 item @ 拢75,000	75,000
Precast concrete planks: 100-200mm thick: structural topping, reinforcement: 2,220m @ 拢90	199,800
Allowance for reinforced concrete tiered floor system: 850m @ 拢400 340,000	340,000
Lighting bridge and forestage grid over auditorium: including support system: 100m @ 拢550	55,000
	1,589,800
Roof	418,900	86.37	2.44%
Kingspan roof panels: including secondary steelwork, insulation and perimeter treatment: 1,830m @ 拢130	237,900
Steelwork trusses to fly tower	60,000
Cladding to areas of sloping roof: 420m @ 拢180	75,600
Allowance for roof access and mansafe system: including access hatches, ladders, etc: 1 item 2,270m @ 拢20	45,400
	418,900
Stairs	77,500	160.31	4.54%
Allowance for insitu concrete staircases, each staircase comprising 2 flights and 2 landings: 10 nr @ 拢7,000	70,000
Allowance for other steps to front of house areas	10,000
Allowance for balustrades and handrails to all stairs, balconies and performing areas: 915m @ 拢500	457,500
Allowance for balustrades and handrails to back of house stairs and performance areas: 600m @ 拢350	210,000
Allowance for access ladders, etc, to plant spaces: 1 item @ 拢10,000	10,000
Allowance for reinforced concrete ramps: 2 nr @ 拢10,000	20,000
	777,500
External walls, windows and doors	1,572,250	324.18	9.18%
Cavity wall construction, insulation, render both sides to roof walls to open plant area paint: 1,000m2 @ 拢220	220,000
Allowance for cladding to the studio theatre walls: 600m2 @ 拢400	240,000
Glazed curtain walling to foyer, third floor and elevated office: 665m2 @ 拢900	598,500
Allowance for cladding and insulation to fly tower: 975m2 @ 拢250	243,750
Allowance for facade enhancements: 1 item @ 拢200,000	200,000
Allowance for external doors, including feature entrance doors, steel doors and scenery doors 1 item @ 拢70,000	70,000
	1,572,250
Internal walls (structural)	104,700	21.59	0.61%
140mm blockwork: 1,650m2 @ 拢40	66,000
Reinforced concrete wall 300mm, lift shafts: 215m2 @ 拢180	38,700
	104,700
Internal partitions & doors	433,250	89.33	2.53%
Auditorium walls jumbo partition, insulation: 975m2 @ 拢60	58,500
Partitions: dry lining taped and jointed 2,095m2 @ 拢50	104,750
Allowance for glazing: 1 item @ 拢20,000	20,000
Allowance for internal doors, including acoustic doors: 1 item @ 拢250,000	250,000
	433,250
Wall finishes	473,450	97.62	2.76%
Extra over for fair face on concrete/precast: 1,310m2 @ 拢10	13,100
Extra over on blockwork for fair face and pointing: 4,115m2 @ 拢5	20,575
Plaster: 7,315m2 @ 拢20	146,300
Wall paint: 10,800m2 @ 拢7	75,600
Hygienic paint: 1,335m2 @ 拢15	20,025
Wall paper to bar: 130m2 @ 拢20	2,600
Tiling: 550m2 @ 拢55	30,250
Allowance for enhanced finishes to foyer: 1 item @ 拢20,000	20,000
Allowance for acoustic treatment: 1 item @ 拢100,000	100,000
Allowance for Internal decoration to fly tower: 1 item @ 拢20,000	20,000
Allowance for cable routes: 1 item @ 拢25,000	25,000
	473,450
Floor finishes	490,500	101.13	2.86%
Screed: 2,690m2 @ 拢30	80,700
Carpet tiles to BOH: 210m2 @ 拢40	8,400
Vinyl to BOH: 835m2 @ 拢40	33,400
Semi-sprung stage floor: 510m2 @ 拢100	51,000
Auditorium carpet: 850m2 @ 拢120	102,000
Carpet to corridors, etc: 330m2 @ 拢70	23,100
Carpet to foyer: 365m2 @ 拢60	21,900
Safety flooring, WC and kitchens : 290m2 @ 拢65	18,850
Timber strip flooring to FOH: 35m2 @ 拢150	5,250
Timber strip flooring to stairs: 95m2 @ 拢200	19,000
Hard finish to foyers: 315m2 @ 拢100	31,500
Paint to plant rooms, stores: 765m2 @ 拢10	7,650
Allowance for matwells and nosings: 1 item @ 拢20,000	20,000
Skirting: 3,350m @ 拢15	50,250
Allowance for wheelchair locations to auditorium: 1 item @ 拢10,000	10,000
Paving to external balcony: 100m2 @ 拢75	7,500
	490,500
Ceiling finishes	264,035	54.44	1.54%
Low quality suspended ceiling: 655m2 @ 拢50	32,750
Med quality MF suspended ceiling: 315m2 @ 拢60	18,900
High quality MF suspended ceiling: 765m2 @ 拢80	61,200
Extra over on reinforced concrete planks for fair face (unpainted) 1,145m2 @ 拢5	5,725
Plaster finish: 250m2 @ 拢20	5,000
Emulsion paint finish: 2,285m2 @ 拢6	13,710
Suspended ceiling to underside of auditorium: 635m2 @ 拢100	63,500
Oil paint: generally to public areas: 1,490m2 @ 拢10	14,900
Hygienic paint, 290m2 @ 拢15	4,350
Finishes to underside of auditorium balconies: 440m2 @拢100	44,000
	264,035
FF&E	418,780	86.35	2.44%
Internal directional and advertising signage: 1 item @ 拢50,000	50,000
WC cubicles duct and back panels: 45 nr @ 拢1,200	54,000
Vanity units: 51 nr @ 拢500	25,500
Shower surrounds: 2 nr @ 拢600	1,200
Mirrors and sundries: 48 nr @ 拢60	2,880
Box/booking office joinery and grilles: 1 item @ 拢10,000	10,000
Main bar and grilles: 1 item @ 拢70,000	70,000
Dressing room joinery: 1 item @ 拢50,000	50,000
Kitchenette/WC fit-out: 1 item @ 拢5,000	5,000
Stage door joinery: 1 item @ 拢3,000	3,000
Laundry fittings: 1 item @ 拢2,000	2,000
Cloakroom counter, fittings and grilles: 1 item @ 拢10,000	10,000
Baby change units: 6 nr @ 拢750	4,500
Usher seats: 4 nr @ 拢300	1,200
Sets of safety eyes below seats: 2 nr @ 拢1,500	3,000
Lighting bars: 1 item @ 拢30,000	30,000
First aid fit-out: 1 item @ 拢2,500	2,500
Buggies store fit-out: 1 item @ 拢1,000	1,000
Fittings to sundry offices and similar: 15 nr @ 拢500	7,500
Control room fittings: 3 nr @ 拢2,000	6,000
Roller shutters generally: 1 item @ 拢32,000	32,000
Roller shutter to bar: 60min pcc finish: 1 item @ 拢10,000	10,000
Blinds to foyer: 1 item @ 拢28,000	28,000
Merchandising/drink/info desk: 1 item @ 拢7,500	7,500
Gate to loading bay: 1 item @ 拢2,000	2,000
	418,780
Specialist theatre equipment	2,370,000	488.66
Theatre equipment	900,000
Production lighting	300,000
Sound and communication	500,000
Theatre seating: main space: 1,200 nr seats @ 拢300	360,000
Studio space: 150 nr seats @ 拢400	60,000
Orchestra pit lift - allowance: 1 item @ 拢125,000	125,000
Scenery lift: 1 nr @ 拢125,000	125,000
	2,370,000
Lifts	80,000	16.49	0.47%
Front of house lift and enclosure: 1 nr @ 拢80,000	80,000
Mechanical installations	1,516,050	312.59	8.85%
Sanitaryware: 121 pieces plus 10 accessible WCs: 1 item @ 拢85,000	85,000
Rainwater installation: 4,850m2 @ 拢7	34,000
Soil, waste and vent installation: 4,850m2 @ 拢12	59,000
Hot and cold water services: 4,850m2 @ 拢30	145,500
Gas installation: 4,850m2 @ 拢3	14,550
Low pressure hot water system: 4,850m2 @ 拢50	242,500
Air handling unit: 1 item @ 拢90,000	90,000
Room ICT: 4 nr @ 拢6,000	24,000
Ventilation: 1 item @ 拢530,000	530,000
Smoke extract to stage areas and basement: 1 item @ 拢40,000	40,000
BMS/controls: 4,850m2 @ 拢40	194,000
Curtain drencher: 1 item @ 拢12,000	12,000
Automatic roof smoke vents to staircases: 5 nr @ 拢3,500	17,500
Testing and commissioning: 4,850m2 @ 拢6	28,000
	1,516,050
Electrical installations	1,667,000	343,71	9.73%
Mains and sub-mains distribution: 4,850m2 @ 拢65	317,000
Small power installation: 4,850m2 @ 拢29	139,000
Power to mechanical services: 4,850m2 @ 拢12	56,000
Power to stage engineering: 1 item @ 拢12,000	12,000
Light fittings FOH: 2,850m2 @ 拢90	256,500
Light fittings BOH: 2,000m2 @ 拢50	100,000
Lighting wiring: 4,850m2 @ 拢30	145,500
Emergency lighting: 4,850m2 @ 拢20	97,000
Wiring for production lighting: 1 item @ 拢140,000	140,000
Earthing and bonding: 4,850m2 @ 拢4	17,000
Lightning protection: 4,850m2 @ 拢3	14,000
Fire detection and alarms: 4,850m2 @ 拢23	112,000
Sound/audio: 1 item @ 拢65,000	65,000
Voice and data: 1 item @ 拢30,000	30,000
Public address system: 4,850m2 @ 拢20	97,000
TV aerial system	5,000
Disabled toilet alarms	5,000
Disabled refuge system	10,000
Induction loop to box office: 1 item @ 拢3,000	3,000
Access control, security detection	20,000
CCTV containment and wiring: 1 item @ 拢6,000	6,000
Testing and commissioning	20,000
	1,667,000
Builders work in connection	282,000	58.14	1.65%
Allowance 5%	282,000
Preliminaries	3,561,000	734.23
Testing and commissioning of building services installations: item @ 拢30,000	3,000
Management costs, site establishment and site supervision. Contractor鈥檚 preliminaries, overheads and profit @ 14.5%	1,973,000
Allowance for design & construction reserve @ 10%	1,558,000
Total construction cost - (including theatre equipment)	17,135,000	3,530.00	100%
(m2 rate based on GIFA)